Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? Guys, I had been doing some modelling to find out how much laser power is required to do selective sintering of nylon powder, and, to be honest, I'm a bit surprised with the results. It turns out that to sinter nylon powder heated to the temperature of 8 degrees below melting point with a beam focused down to 0.2 mm spot and using layer height of 0.2 mm with feed rate of 300 mm/s one needs only about 140 mW, which is easily achievable with commodity laser diodes. In fact, less than one in 16×DVD-R burner which is 250 mW according to Wikipedia. The model takes into account heat losses due to contact heat transfer within the material (negligible, in fact), but assumes zero laser beam dissipation/reflection (i.e. black powder and visible light laser), and round laser spot (i.e. some corrective optics for the diode). Interestingly, according to the model, the biggest controllable factor influencing the power requirement for laser is the temperature of the build chamber. If the chamber itself is kept with room temperature, the laser power requirement goes up to 2.6 W. But we know that such a big temperature gap is undesirable as it causes wrapping, so some kind of heated volume is needed anyway. The model itself in the form of Excel spreadsheet is attached, so you can take a look and play with the parameters. I've included pseudo-formulaic explanations for all the derived values including dimensions for clarity. Looking for the feedback if: - the model is actually correct mathematically, i.e. I didn't drop couple of zeroes or something like that - the assumptions above are sensible in real life - there are factors which also very important that I haven't included in the model https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,231867#msg-231867 Mon, 15 Jun 2026 10:48:37 -0400 Phorum 5.2.23 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,738569#msg-738569 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,738569#msg-738569
I should have started from scratch, but I just kept adding to Igor's. I still cleaned it up a bit and made it a bit easier to read and reference.

I would love to draw a diagram and figure out shortening the terms to variables. That might still be to come.

For those of you interested in hearing, this is a senior project for a group I am working with in school. We hope to manufacture an SLS printer for under $2,000.

The laser will be low powered and will have a slow feed rate as our goal is to sinter PA 12 cost effectively.

Thanks.

- Gurr]]> Gurr Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Fri, 13 Jan 2017 23:40:24 -0500 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,737055#msg-737055 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,737055#msg-737055
I'll try to incorporate that into the calculator Igor originally made and up and upload it for review.

Thanks VDX.]]> Gurr Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Mon, 09 Jan 2017 13:38:28 -0500 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,736806#msg-736806 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,736806#msg-736806
But yes, for melting dark plastic powder with 200 to 400mm/s it should be more in the "low power" range of 2 to 5 Watts than 100 Watts or more ...]]> VDX Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Sun, 08 Jan 2017 19:01:53 -0500 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,736795#msg-736795 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,736795#msg-736795
Quote
kburgess
I did not look at your equations, but your power is way off.
Given your stated conditions of a 0.2mm spot with a layer thickness of 0.2mm at a scan rate of 300mm/sec, the fused volume generated in 1 second is a long box with a square cross section 0.2mm on a side and 300mm long. The volume is 0.2mm*0.2mm*300mm = 0.012cc
The heat of fusion of Nylon 12 (sintering powder) is 215 kJ/kg (Page 648 Handbook of Thermoplastics edited by Olagoke Olabisi, Kolapo Adewale)
As the density of fused nylon is very close to 1 gram/cc, it takes 215 J/cc * 0.012 cc = 2.58 Joules to melt the volume fused in one second, or 2.5 Watts of laser power at 100% efficiency.
Lastly 300mm/sec is pretty slow, commercial SLS printers scan at a rate of over 12000 mm/sec which is why they use 100 Watt or 200 Watt CO2 Lasers
Ken

Is this true? This was never confirmed, but it sounds plausible. I know it's been awhile since this thread has had a response, but it is linked in the DIY SLS FAQ so it would be good to get it sorted out.

I was following through with what kburgess was saying and I wanted to be sure it was on point.]]> Gurr Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Sun, 08 Jan 2017 18:15:01 -0500 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,503161#msg-503161 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,503161#msg-503161 Given your stated conditions of a 0.2mm spot with a layer thickness of 0.2mm at a scan rate of 300mm/sec, the fused volume generated in 1 second is a long box with a square cross section 0.2mm on a side and 300mm long. The volume is 0.2mm*0.2mm*300mm = 0.012cc
The heat of fusion of Nylon 12 (sintering powder) is 215 kJ/kg (Page 648 Handbook of Thermoplastics edited by Olagoke Olabisi, Kolapo Adewale)
As the density of fused nylon is very close to 1 gram/cc, it takes 215 J/cc * 0.012 cc = 2.58 Joules to melt the volume fused in one second, or 2.5 Watts of laser power at 100% efficiency.
Lastly 300mm/sec is pretty slow, commercial SLS printers scan at a rate of over 12000 mm/sec which is why they use 100 Watt or 200 Watt CO2 Lasers
Ken]]> kburgess Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Wed, 29 Apr 2015 04:14:44 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,425229#msg-425229 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,425229#msg-425229 Beka Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Tue, 28 Oct 2014 05:52:47 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,380207#msg-380207 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,380207#msg-380207
Azhar]]> vazharv Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Tue, 08 Jul 2014 18:55:42 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,379697#msg-379697 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,379697#msg-379697 #423 Graphite Powder - 12 OZ
Model # 323659 | Mfg # 423
$17.99
[www.westmarine.com]

I've used West System #423 Graphite Powder with epoxy, and found it to be a very fine dust/powder.]]> A2 Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Mon, 07 Jul 2014 20:57:41 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,379607#msg-379607 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,379607#msg-379607
As you mentioned before that white powders reflect most of the laser power, I am currently facing the exact same issue. You suggested I mix the powder with coal dust to make it absorb more power. Is there any other alternative, like may be dark powders or something. Or if you happen to know where I can find coal dust to purchase, could you share it with me?

Thanks a lot again!

Azhar]]> vazharv Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Mon, 07 Jul 2014 16:21:44 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252795#msg-252795 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252795#msg-252795
Is there any particular reason why you're using servos and not steppers?]]> Igor Lobanov Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Tue, 08 Oct 2013 07:28:47 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252723#msg-252723 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252723#msg-252723
Even with a 0-10V analog output from a servo-CNC calculated for perfect speed-djustment I'm converting the analog signal into PWM for better calibrating capabilities ...]]> VDX Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Tue, 08 Oct 2013 02:52:48 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252629#msg-252629 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252629#msg-252629
I wasn't sure I knew exactly was quasi continuous wave laser is, so I looked it up here:
Quote
Quasi-continuous-wave Operation
Quasi-continuous-wave (quasi-cw) operation of a laser means that its pump source is switched on only for certain time intervals, which are short enough to reduce thermal effects significantly, but still long enough that the laser process is close to its steady state, i.e. the laser is optically in the state of continuous-wave operation. The duty cycle (percentage of “on” time) may be, e.g., a few percent, thus strongly reducing the heating and all the related thermal effects, such as thermal lensing and damage through overheating

If I'm reading it correctly it means that quasi-CW is not different from CW as far as power delivery is concerned, but the laser cannot be switched on for longer than certain period of time, after which it has to be left in off state to cool down. I think you should have two numbers for a quasi-CW laser: duty cycle precentage and max duration for CW operation. If, for example, max duration is 1 second and max duty cycle is 20%, then after burning for one second the laser has to be turned off for 4 seconds to let it cool down.

I wouldn't be surprised if a quasi-CW laser could be used as CW laser by adding proper heatsink and active cooling. I know that most laser diodes can't really work properly in CW without at least a heatsink.]]> Igor Lobanov Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Mon, 07 Oct 2013 17:15:57 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252607#msg-252607 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,252607#msg-252607
Thanks a lot for the response! Although I understood the concept of how the total energy delivered that matters for the sintering to takeplace, could you tell me which of them is popularly used, i.e, continuous wave (CW) or quasi- continuous (QCW) or pulsed? If I am going to purchase a laser diode system, I am faced with this question when I look at the laser diode specs!

Thanks again!

Azhar]]> vazharv Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Mon, 07 Oct 2013 16:19:53 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,251766#msg-251766 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,251766#msg-251766
I am by no means an expert in practicalities of the sintering process, so the following is merely a speculation based on my understanding of the principles.

The model does assume full absorption of the beam energy by the powder, which is close to what one could expect with black powder and laser in a visible or near-IR wavelengths range. If you've got white powder it is going to reflect back or dissipate most of the energy and you might need eiter more of power in the beam, or use something like coal dust to darken the powder. Or, alternatively, go further into IR wavelenghts and use something like CO2 laser with 10um. At that wavelength most plastics are opaque and their colour does not really matter, but CO2 laser is much harder to hande (and more dangerous) than a laser diode.

As of laser types, to my understanding, it does not make much difference for sintering process as the only thing you're really interested in is to deliver enough energy to a small spot to raise its temperature. Sintering is effectively about the integration of beam power over time, so mode does not really matter.

Hope this helps.]]> Igor Lobanov Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Fri, 04 Oct 2013 19:12:50 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,250603#msg-250603 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,250603#msg-250603
Thanks for the wonderful information you have provided in the FAQ. I have a few questions in mind.
For a powder specifically Nylon 12 (PA 12), would 808 nm be ideal? How does this wavelength parameter play a role in the calculations you have done? Apart from increase in weight of the system , what would be the problem if I go for higher wavelengths? Also I came across lasers of types Continuous wave and quasi-continuous wave. Do you have any information you can share about how these two types would effect the sintering process.

Sorry for the barrage of questions!

Thanks

Azhar]]> vazharv Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Tue, 01 Oct 2013 15:37:54 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,246575#msg-246575 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,246575#msg-246575
I did realise that. The model "assumes zero laser beam dissipation/reflection" like with "black powder and visible light laser". If you've got a powder which is transparent or highly reflective at the wavelength of the laser, it wouldn't barely pick any power from the beam.

Pragmatically, it means either CO2 laser as clear plastics are opaque at 10um, or near IR/visible light diode laser with pigmented/specialist thermoplastics. There is a post nearby where VDX shares a link to some material on that - [forums.reprap.org]]]> Igor Lobanov Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Wed, 18 Sep 2013 17:02:00 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,246443#msg-246443 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,246443#msg-246443 But yeah, you don't need 1kW laser to burn plastic or metal if the laser is focused.]]> tleneel Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Wed, 18 Sep 2013 10:59:10 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,236872#msg-236872 Re: Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,236872#msg-236872 DIY SLS FAQ.]]> Igor Lobanov Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Fri, 16 Aug 2013 19:25:36 -0400 https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,231867#msg-231867 Sintering math -- how much power is needed anyway? https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867,231867#msg-231867
I had been doing some modelling to find out how much laser power is required to do selective sintering of nylon powder, and, to be honest, I'm a bit surprised with the results. It turns out that to sinter nylon powder heated to the temperature of 8 degrees below melting point with a beam focused down to 0.2 mm spot and using layer height of 0.2 mm with feed rate of 300 mm/s one needs only about 140 mW, which is easily achievable with commodity laser diodes. In fact, less than one in 16×DVD-R burner which is 250 mW according to Wikipedia.

The model takes into account heat losses due to contact heat transfer within the material (negligible, in fact), but assumes zero laser beam dissipation/reflection (i.e. black powder and visible light laser), and round laser spot (i.e. some corrective optics for the diode).

Interestingly, according to the model, the biggest controllable factor influencing the power requirement for laser is the temperature of the build chamber. If the chamber itself is kept with room temperature, the laser power requirement goes up to 2.6 W. But we know that such a big temperature gap is undesirable as it causes wrapping, so some kind of heated volume is needed anyway.

The model itself in the form of Excel spreadsheet is attached, so you can take a look and play with the parameters. I've included pseudo-formulaic explanations for all the derived values including dimensions for clarity.

Looking for the feedback if:
- the model is actually correct mathematically, i.e. I didn't drop couple of zeroes or something like that
- the assumptions above are sensible in real life
- there are factors which also very important that I haven't included in the model]]> Igor Lobanov Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering Thu, 01 Aug 2013 17:10:50 -0400