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        <title>Reprap Forum - Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</title>
        <description>You lay down a layer of powder, you fuse particles, you repeat.</description>
        <link>https://reprap.org/forum/list.php?153</link>
        <lastBuildDate>Mon, 15 Jun 2026 20:05:58 -0400</lastBuildDate>
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            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,883409,883409#msg-883409</guid>
            <title>lasers for DMLS, and their properties- what would we need to make one on the cheap? (19 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,883409,883409#msg-883409</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ <b>TL;DR: I feel we might be able to achieve DMLS properties with newer, high-powered laser diodes, and the reason companies aren't exploiting it is possibly shyness to invest in untested(rarely theorized) applications. or maybe I'm just dumb and missed something.</b><br />
<br />
alright, I want to preface this by saying, if this turns out promising according to a number of people here, or if someone with a 5.5w laser or above is willing to run some tests, I may make a prototype DMLS printer.<br />
<br />
I've been curious about all of this for quite a while, and I've been following trends in lasers for a bit, researching their properties and uses, etc, and was entranced by the use of lasers in DMLS printing from the first video I saw ( [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHaXX2OoOs4" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>] )... essentially: <b>A 1064nm laser from 100w-400w can be used to melt metal dust at 600-6000mm/s using a galvo-head.</b><br />
 then a couple years later, I saw other videos pop up, you know the ones. "absolutely new technology affordable metal 3D printing, request a quote for your multi-million dollar business now." and so on, where I thought "new? I've known about this for years as a consumer, and you don't ask for a quote if it's affordable, or call it a desktop printer if it's the size of a refrigerator..."<br />
<br />
more recently (two years ago, in 2019) ( [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up32bx1Eleo" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>] ) came out, basically outing a few industry secrets... but let's break down their secrets too because 50k USD is still too much!<br />
but also- take a quick look at that machine shown- or more accurately- the windows. They're green. from someone who's studied a lot about laser safety, that is a lot of information! there are only two common tints of laser protective plastic that color- and both have their best protection around the 410nm and below, and 1064nm and above wavelengths. but they said themselves- they're using a more common wavelength than industry standard, which are high power 1064nm or 980nm wavelength. They also said they're using a fiber system, and made it, at least partially, themselves. I believe they're using a blue or UV wavelength fiber laser, seeing as the other most likely 808nm, near-infrared, is only partially protected by the green shields. <b>Why is it not orange, which is even better for those wavelengths? I don't know, but I'll reason it out later.</b>. As well, blue lasers, now that engravers are common, are cheap by sheer production quantity, and getting stronger, as every company wants to boast the ability to punch through a centimeter of wood at some point. alright, moving on- take a close look at the print head- and you'll notice something strange. it's got two pipes going to it... and a number of noctua or similar cpu coolers on the back of the case. I believe this means, that the print head itself needs cooling, and badly. I can't be completely sure if it's a liquid cooling or air cooling, because fans in a box of superfine metal dust is not a good time... but I think it's liquid cooling. if it was air, you could just vent it in one side and out the other more efficiently. <b>I'm not versed on cooling of fiber laser heads, but if someone could give me a reason why the fiber end needs to be cooled, I'd appreciate it! </b>Now, this isn't their final design, but look at the market, and you'll see that 50-60w red lasers dominate the upper end of the market for price efficiency- and I can bet you their device doesn't exceed 10k USD in parts, meaning they could accord two fiber lasers at that price, bringing them to 100w comfortably. now look closely- they're not using a galvo-head, but a normal cartesian print-head moving at 10-75mm/s. If 100w infrared can melt metal at 600mm/s, they could feasibly be using lasers as low as 30w total power.<br />
So, let's figure this out <b>they're probably using a 380nm-425nm fiber coupled laser with liquid cooling to cut costs, and even then, they seem to have a reason not to use industry standard red lasers.</b> <br />
<br />
whew! that was a lot of thinking over a year to put into one wall of text! but that last little bit is the crux of my argument. I think they're using blue lasers for melting metal, and to back up that assumption, I've posted a number of attached graphs. Now, most are small, but companies throw these around like soundcloud rappers pitch their mixtapes, and a lot of them vary plenty... but look closely. almost all of them from sellers have steel leave the chart, conveniently just about at the wavelength the industry standard fiber cutting laser is- 1064nm. The research paper results seem to be a little more fair, showing the trend of steel being more receptive to lower wavelengths- even 50% absorptive at UV wavelengths, and <b>significantly higher heat-to-material at more cost effective 410nm wavelengths than industry standard fiber lasers, which, if run at only 10-20mm/s, could potentially give enough energy to the powder to fuse it- or at the very least, sinter it, in a vacuum where heat losses to air could be negated.</b><br />
<br />
[<a href="https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,231867" target="_blank" >reprap.org</a>] is another topic, and if you put the information of stainless steel powder into their calculator. I know it's probably not perfectly accurate, but as a rough guide, it seems to follow reality based on the industry standard result:<br />
------at optimal settings and conditions, (thermal conductivity of 12w/mK, beam diameter of .2mm, layer height of .1mm, extra melt depth of .03mm, .006g/mm^3 powder density, and 20mm/s move speed) <b>it quoted about 19W of optical power needed to melt a line.</b><br />
------at very suboptimal settings and conditions, (thermal conductivity of 24w/mK, beam diameter of .4mm, layer height of .12mm, extra melt depth of .1mm, .00785g/mm^3 powder density, and 30mm/s move speed) <b>it quoted about 99W of optical power needed to melt a line.</b><br />
------at suboptimal conditions but precise settings, (thermal conductivity of 24w/mK, beam diameter of .15mm, layer height of .05mm, extra melt depth of .03mm, .00785g/mm^3 powder density, and 15mm/s move speed) <b>it quoted about 31W of optical power needed to melt a line.</b><br />
------at industry standard settings and conditions, (thermal conductivity of 12w/mK, beam diameter of .2mm, layer height of .05mm, extra melt depth of .03mm, .00785g/mm^3 powder density, and 1000mm/s move speed) <b>it quoted about 103W of optical power needed to melt a line.</b><br />
it's clear that the easiest and cheapest way to lower the laser power needed is precise focus with good optics, using better wavelengths than industry standard, and exceedingly precise bed and powder control, and perhaps by using a de-focused sub-laser to heat the powder just before the main laser passes over it. The biggest issue once power and focus are achieved will likely be stopping excessive "blobbing" as the melt pool attracts nearby particles.<br />
<br />
<b>So, tell me why I'm wrong. I have a feeling that all things considered, a large company surely should have figured this out by now and preempted me if I'm right. What am I missing? or, if no one knows, are you willing to help me test? I'm mostly just thirsty for information, and science needs to happen before engineering can make it functional, but if this can somehow, by chance, get off the ground, I'd be overjoyed.</b>]]></description>
            <dc:creator>nubnubbud</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 29 Apr 2021 00:38:29 -0400</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,880447,880447#msg-880447</guid>
            <title>inkshield programmming (no replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,880447,880447#msg-880447</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello, I'm interested if anyone can program inkshield. I need simple program that prints data I can change every day.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>djurina</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Tue, 12 Jan 2021 14:14:05 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,831912,831912#msg-831912</guid>
            <title>DIY Powder Bed Printer for Sale (7 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,831912,831912#msg-831912</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Years ago I wanted to develop a powder based metal printer and build a plattform for the laser head development. Then I did my master thesis at the Fraunhofer institute for laser technics and experienced a bad accident with metal powders. Therefore I ended my intentions with powder based metal printing and turned to wire printing.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless the development base, I've build, is finished and can be used for other powder based printing experiments/development. As printing head could a laser (SLS/SLM) or a ink jet (3DP) be used.<br />
I had build the focus (https://ytec3d.com/focus/) and everything than the printing head is done and should still be working.<br />
<br />
<b>I want to sell this base</b> (getting space is more important than money) to get some room back in my workshop. Anyone interested to get a cheap base for powder based printing?<br />
<br />
It is in germany, near Bonn/Cologne, I guess it can be shipped easily. I also have some steel batch (different grain sizes for experimenting) powders I could give away.<br />
I also can pass pictures and documentations (master project documentation) from my early trials. I printed some primitive beam like figures from steel.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>derletztename</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2019 06:36:44 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,815318,815318#msg-815318</guid>
            <title>Open Source File Formats (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,815318,815318#msg-815318</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello,<br />
<br />
I am looking for a library of open source slice file formats. Are there any links for this about or is it just a case of continuing to hunt online?<br />
<br />
Thanks.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>WesBrooks</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2018 05:51:11 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,812309,812309#msg-812309</guid>
            <title>Highly magnified pictures of inkjet head (no replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,812309,812309#msg-812309</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Figured this could be interesting for some of you experimenting with inkjet like technologies : [<a href="https://zeptobars.com/en/read/HP-DeskJet-840c-thermal-inkjet-printing-head" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">zeptobars.com</a>]]]></description>
            <dc:creator>DeuxVis</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 02:40:42 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,802752,802752#msg-802752</guid>
            <title>UV Laser for Selective Laser Sintering of Polymers? (3 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,802752,802752#msg-802752</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Why are predominately IR lasers used for sintering polymer powders? Most polymers like PCL and PMMA have high UV absorbance peaks. Would a UV laser like a frequency tripled Nd:YAG be efficient at sintering powder? <br />
<br />
This is for a high resolution commercial application. CO2 laser's large wavelength make them a poor choice for small spot size.<br />
<br />
Thanks!]]></description>
            <dc:creator>DrDFlo</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2017 11:20:00 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,786052,786052#msg-786052</guid>
            <title>3D printing using SLS of composite polymer in India (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,786052,786052#msg-786052</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Dears, <br />
I want to make a  3D printing of small hollow cylinder using selective laser sintering process. <br />
The materials are PA6 and PA12. I want to make a blend.<br />
Is any manufacturer available in India.<br />
<br />
Thanks<br />
Gajanan]]></description>
            <dc:creator>gthokal</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 13 Oct 2023 02:03:19 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,747177,747177#msg-747177</guid>
            <title>SLS from fiber laser engraver (20 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,747177,747177#msg-747177</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi,<br />
I came across this machine: [<a href="http://www.lightobject.com/Desktop-20W-Fiber-Optics-Laser-Metal-Engraving-Machine-P903.aspx" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.lightobject.com</a>]<br />
It has 110 x 110 mm working area and 0.01 mm resolution. I am thinking about building SLS machine based on this.<br />
<br />
OpenSLS is based on a CO2 laser cutter. I think this fiber laser engraver would be better on many things; cooling, speed, footprint etc...]]></description>
            <dc:creator>trgtylcnky</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 2017 03:44:22 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,671941,671941#msg-671941</guid>
            <title>SLS powder storage (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,671941,671941#msg-671941</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi guys,<br />
<br />
How one should store the plastic powder properly to eliminate the charges built while sieving? should the bin be metallic? grounded? at what temperature and humidity?]]></description>
            <dc:creator>aya</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jun 2016 13:02:49 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,641679,641679#msg-641679</guid>
            <title>PLA for sls printing (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,641679,641679#msg-641679</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello guys, <br />
<br />
I would like to know if someone did experiment with PLA on sls printers. Do you think it works fine? Also, what about PLA with flexible additive in it?<br />
Many thanks<br />
Don]]></description>
            <dc:creator>santomc</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Sat, 19 Mar 2016 13:19:39 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,636882,636882#msg-636882</guid>
            <title>Printhead for Powder bed printer (7 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,636882,636882#msg-636882</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi Guys,<br />
I'm working on a powder bed printer, now I'm looking for a suitable printhead. I like the "HP C6602" not because it can not be supplied via a CISS with ink. Thus, I am dependent on the HP ink that does not meet my requirements. I would also like to process materials other than gypsum.<br />
I have seen the slaughter of ZPrinters that are running a HP11 printhead. Has anyone any idea how driving these printheads?<br />
Many thanks for your help<br />
Philipp]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Philipp</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2016 20:27:35 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,622984,622984#msg-622984</guid>
            <title>Sugar/Meringue Powder Experiments (3 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,622984,622984#msg-622984</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ I've recently begun sugar/meringue powder experiments on my Z310+, with good success.<br />
<br />
I'm documenting my work <a href="http://www.evillabs.net/wiki/index.php/ZCorp_Z310%2" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">on my own page</a> (as the Z310+ is a commercial non-open source product), but I believe the recipe may be useful for others who are experimenting with powder printing.<br />
<br />
<hr class="bbcode" />
<br />
This cheap recipe uses rice wine (sake - about 15% alcohol)  as a binder, and sugar plus other easily available components to make powder suitable for 0.2mm layer heights and ~0.4mm resolution.<br />
<br />
Testing in being conducted on a ZCorp Z310+.<br />
<br />
<ul><li> Granulated sugar, 25lb</li><li> Wilton's Meringue Powder, 8oz</li><li> Diamond 10-X Powdered Sugar, 64oz (super fine sugar powder + corn starch)</li></ul>
<br />
Mix together, then pulse in a food processors (about 1lb at a time, or however much your food processor will hold) for approx 120 seconds total, until the powder is at a fine grain consistency.<br />
<br />
When printing, adjust saturation such that the binder penetrates approx 0.1mm into the layer above during spreading.<br />
<br />
Too wet, and you will get 'tearing' of the object during the spread, too dry, and you will not get good inter-layer bonding.<br />
<br />
<ul><li> Print at 0.2mm per layer.</li><li> Cure 'in bed' for at least 8 hours before removal (or 4 hours, if you can heat the chamber to 35C-40C)<br /> <ul><li> Shell will be hard enough to handle air depowdering and manual brushing</li><li> Inner core material will still be soft.</li></ul> </li><li> Part will continue to harden for 48 hours (depending on temp &amp; humidity)<br /> <ul><li> Shell will be hardened in about 12 hours</li><li>Core material fully hardened after 48 hours</li></ul> </li><li>Make sure to *thoroughly* clean the roller/spreader with a dry paper towel after each print.</li></ul>
<br />
I highly recommend adding a dye to your binder (food coloring works well) so that it easier to determine where the surface boundaries are when depowdering.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Ezrec</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 2016 14:15:24 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,582228,582228#msg-582228</guid>
            <title>ZP150 (Plaster) powder - hydraulic curing? (no replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,582228,582228#msg-582228</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ I accidentally dropped a freshly dried part (ZCorp ZP150 + Sake binder) in a bucket of water, and observed the following:<br />
<br />
* Immediate loss of fine details on the part :(<br />
* Left the part in the bucket for approx 1 hour (had other things to do, considered it a total loss)<br />
* Upon removal of the part, noticed that it was much harder than expected<br />
* Put the part in the drying oven at 80C for 2 hours<br />
* Upon removal, the dried part was extremely hard and durable, and completely hardened throughout. :)<br />
<br />
Surface hardness is similar to cyanoacrylate, but the overall part is much harder (I usually can't get cyanoacrylate to penetrate more then 3mm).<br />
<br />
Part durability is much better (and surface is easier to paint) than wax infusion.<br />
<br />
These properties of this ZP150 part (sake binder) reminds me of Portland Cement, which sets up under water.<br />
<br />
I'm planning to run some tests with placing freshly dried parts in a fine sand matrix (to try to preserve fine details and prevent slumping), and immersing the part + sand in water.<br />
<br />
If this works well, it'll be a much better option for me than cyanoacrylate or epoxy infusion (small workspace with poor ventilation).<br />
<br />
Has anyone else noticed this property, or have a similar process already developed?]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Ezrec</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2015 13:15:37 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,581891,581891#msg-581891</guid>
            <title>Pwdr 0.1 based SLS printer (4 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,581891,581891#msg-581891</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Came across this forum whilst hunting for information. It's good to see there is a growing community out there! I thought I might share my own endeavours and hopefully get some feedback. <br />
<br />
I've been playing around with the idea of building an SLS printer for a little while and have finally decided to commit to it. I've based my design on the Pwdr powder bed hosted on github. I've widened it slightly to accomodate a different roller mechanism and made some minor revisions so that generic parts can be used. Hopefully I should have this together within the next few weeks.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, I've been breadboarding my own controller and writing software to cater for the task of controlling the steppers / galvos. This isn't finished as such but is getting there. I really need an assembled rig before I can produce something of production quality. Currently the software will read a gcode file off a SD card and produce the corresponding signals for the galvo drivers. I'm just using cheap "laser projector" galvos as such but intend to either modify this unit with mirrors appropriate for the task or perhaps invest in a better quality system depending on how my current system responds to the additional weight. <br />
<br />
I have a 40W CO2 laser on hand which I'll be using. I haven't determined what printing medium I'll be using yet; Nylon 12 seems difficult to procure at a reasonable cost / amount. I have a couple of questions regarding printing mediums; I see some people are using sand, is this the typical sand you would find at the beach? What considerations do I need to make when using this?<br />
<br />
The more I read the more emphasis I see placed on how beneficial it is to use a heated build area. Unfortunately my design is a little too simplistic and won't be able to accomodate this. This doesn't concern me greatly as I'm more interested in developing the necessary electronics / software at the moment, DMLS is where my real interest lies. I thought perhaps as a workaround, rather than projecting the beam at a high intensity while executing each layer only once, I could take advantage of the galvos high scanning rate and project the entire layer as if it were an image whilst varying the temperature. I think this would give me control of the temperature gradient without compromising print speed too severly. Any thoughts on this?<br />
<br />
Here's my modified version of the Pwdr rig:<br />
<br />
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            <dc:creator>Junkers</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2015 06:30:18 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,576036,576036#msg-576036</guid>
            <title>A kingdom for ABS powder...!! (2 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,576036,576036#msg-576036</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi Folks,<br />
<br />
I am trying to get ABS powder. As it is not so easy I meanwhile would also agree to buy a metric ton if necessary. The problem is, I can only find companys in China and I would never buy one ton ABS powder from China without going there and personally check the quality and make sure that exactly the same stuff which I have checked is shipped.<br />
I did often business with asians (India, China, Indonesia etc.) in the past years and there are just so many cheaters.<br />
<br />
So the question is, does anyone know a company from Europe or USA which sells ABS powder which is suitable for SLS in good quality?<br />
<br />
Regards,<br />
Markus]]></description>
            <dc:creator>yoda</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2015 22:55:24 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,573912,573912#msg-573912</guid>
            <title>Cabine temperature for ABS powder sintering/welding? (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,573912,573912#msg-573912</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi folks,<br />
<br />
I have read the article in the reprap wiki where it is stated that the laser power is less important if the cabine or the powder bed is heated sufficient.<br />
<br />
[<a href="http://www.reprap.org/wiki/DIY_Selective_Laser_Sintering_FAQ#How_powerful_does_my_laser_need_to_be.3F" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.reprap.org</a>]<br />
<br />
It is saying that nylon powder is heated until about 8 degrees below melting point. I am in the process of building a SLW/SLS printer and I would like to try with ABS.<br />
Can someone tell me how much the cabine or the powder needs to be heated with ABS powder?<br />
<br />
Regards,<br />
Markus]]></description>
            <dc:creator>yoda</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2015 09:51:31 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,558478,558478#msg-558478</guid>
            <title>Powder bed design (3 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,558478,558478#msg-558478</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello<br />
<br />
I have built my first SLS prototype and are using sand as powder. However I ran in to problems with sand jamming the moving powder bed preventing a smooth motion. The friction from the powder stuck between the moving bed and the side walls makes small layer heights impossible since sometimes the bed does not even move and after some layers it suddenly jumps. Is the solution to make the gap (currently 0.1-0.2mm) even smaller? Making it lager could also maybe solve the issue but a lot of powder would fall down in between to the bottom of the printer. I also consider some type of seal but I am not sure how that could be implemented and wear would be a problem. The bed and side walls are made of 3mm aluminium and I do not know if some other material is better? If someone has had similar issues or know of a good working design I would really appreciate some advise. <br />
<br />
Thank you!<br />
<br />
/Henrik]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Ullkossa</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2015 16:12:30 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,543964,543964#msg-543964</guid>
            <title>Powder? (9 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,543964,543964#msg-543964</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Where do you guys get small quantity of PLA or ABS powder<br />
without buying a ton of material?<br />
<br />
:S]]></description>
            <dc:creator>cozmicray</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Sun, 18 Dec 2016 10:51:35 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,542958,542958#msg-542958</guid>
            <title>Thermal binding of sucrose - any prior art? (2 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,542958,542958#msg-542958</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ For my <a href="http://reprap.org/wiki/BrundleFab" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">BrundleFab</a> sugar based powerbed printer, I am working on a layering mechanism where I lay down black ink on the sugar, then use a thermal pass (halogen lamp from a laser printer) to (attempt to) bind the sugar that is colored, without melting the white sugar.<br />
<br />
Has anyone seen any prior art on this? The closest I can find is the <a href="http://www8.hp.com/us/en/commercial-printers/floater/3Dprinting.html" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">HP Multi-Jet Fusion</a> process, but this <i>appears</i> to be just curing the binder (and not using sugar), and is very sparse on details.<br />
<br />
The ChefJet 3D uses an inkjet process, but I believe they are using a binder in the powder/ink, but not a thermal pass to melt the printed portion of the layer.<br />
<br />
Does anyone have experience with these devices?<br />
<br />
My hope is that if this works, I should be able to get some relatively strong (for sugar) parts out of it.<br />
<br />
(Note that I do <i>not</i> intend to sell this printer, as the HP Multi-Jet Fusion probably has a pile of patents surrounding it. It's only for my own interest).]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Ezrec</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2015 23:19:27 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,525512,525512#msg-525512</guid>
            <title>Some thoughts about a laser scanner for SLS (5 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,525512,525512#msg-525512</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ I just wanted to "get rid" of some thoughts about an idea to build a laser scanning setup for SLS. It's <i>really</i> just an idea and I haven't even found a solution to implement this yet. This idea probably won't work out but maybe it's still of some value to someone.<br />
<br />
The main problem with two rotating mirrors on a galvo is that your focus distance is varying with X/Y so you would get different intensities / sizes. Mounting the laser higher with a larger focus distance will reduce that effect and might actually be the best way to go about this - adding a bit of height is cheap. AFAIK the industrial solution is to use F-Theta or macro lenses but these are expensive. A scanner is ideal because the moving mass of the mechanical elements is small (similar to a deltas mass is smaller = faster acceleration / speed).<br />
<br />
The "simplest" approach is to use a X/Y gantry e.g. a coreXY gantry. Of course you reduce laser speed vastly with this! You'll at least have to move the Y axis with the print head. Basically you need lots of material that you don't really need. The advantage is of course we know exactly how to build this because of FDM printers and can reuse lots of knowhow, cheap parts and electronics and firmware. An additional advantage would be that potentially in the future we could add an CMYK inkjet print head to do full color SLS printing. Some folks are working on this but it's somewhat far off.<br />
<br />
So my idea is to move the mirror towards the laser while rotating it in either X direction so the focus distances stays the same. How such a mechanism would work I don't know but the formula would be:<br />
<pre class="bbcode">
mx(x) = -0.5 * x<sup>2</sup> / (z - x)</pre>
<br />
x would be the x part of the x/y signal and Z is the height of the laser above the print bed (15 in the graph shown - it gets flatter the higher up you put your gantry).<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
So if the height of the laser would be 25cm above the print bed and you want to have a print bed of 20cm x 20cm you'd have to move the mirror about 3.3cm closer to the laser source at x = 10cm. <br />
<br />
The wxMaxima code to visualize this (FD = focus distance, LX = ???)<br />
<pre class="bbcode">
FD = z - LX;
A : (z - mx)^2 = z^2 + (x - mx)^2;
B : solve (A, mx)[1];
mx(x, z) := ''(rhs(B ));
plot2d(mx(x, 25), [x, -15, 15], [y, -6, +6]) $</pre>
<br />
So the next step would be to get to the formula to the rotation. And then visualize this in an animation to show this movement. Maybe you can visualize by showing how a lever would move or the distances would look like or where circles attacked to the edges of the mirror would meet. I really just wanted to share this idea which may be crazy or stupid. Maybe someone smarter can work this out further. Maybe I'll go back to it later.<br/>]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Dejay</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2015 15:37:50 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,518991,518991#msg-518991</guid>
            <title>How can you reduce laser sintering costs in plastic? (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,518991,518991#msg-518991</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello<br />
<br />
I am trying to create some prototypes using laser sintering. The parts will be similar, but no two will be the same. I don't know how service companies do their costing.<br />
<br />
Can anyone suggest ways in which the cost can be reduced? I don't know if classic cost engineering methods apply here. Would making more in one shot help? Design considerations? I imagine it is mainly a matter of material volume, but are there any other ways to reduce the cost?<br />
<br />
I hope that others will find this useful too!<br />
<br />
Thanks for any advice you can offer.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>alexinafrica</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2015 05:14:32 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,493832,493832#msg-493832</guid>
            <title>Current projects for SLS / SLA / powder printers and what I&#039;ve learned so far (4 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,493832,493832#msg-493832</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ I've been reading up on the possibility of SLS selective laser sintering DIY 3D printers the last days. I just wanted to write down what I've found out so far plus a few thoughts and a list of what project there are out there (which will likely be outdated very quickly!). If you know any other projects please let me know. From what I've read a SLS printer with a gantry and a 2.3W laser diode for sintering dark nylon PA12 powder should be possible for below $1000.<br />
<br />
First the excellent <a href="http://www.reprap.org/wiki/DIY_Selective_Laser_Sintering_FAQ" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">DIY Selective Laser Sintering FAQ</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://sintratec.com/" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Sintratec.com</a><br />
Price: ~4500€<br />
Nylon PA12 ("less than $150 per kg")<br />
Fine resolution<br />
Optical surface heaters and heating coil with and sensor<br />
2.3W laser 445nm (visible blue) laser Speed: 70+ mm/s<br />
Galvo<br />
130x130x130mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://forums.reprap.org/read.php?153,491564" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">You-SLS</a> (on <a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/You-SLS-DIY-Laser-sintering/?ALLSTEPS" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">instructables.com</a>)<br />
Price: ? Open hardware. Currently on indigogo for prototyping.<br />
Gantry<br />
2W laser 445nm (visible blue)<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://hackaday.io/project/3092-sls-3d-printer" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Ester</a>  (<a href="https://github.com/bfoz/Ester" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">on github</a>)<br />
Price: ???<br />
1 Watt laser diode<br />
Polyester (so far)<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://forums.reprap.org/read.php?153,445213,493680" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">The PowdrKeg</a> (<a href="http://www.powdrkeg3d.com/" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Website</a>)<br />
Price: ~$3400<br />
Nylon PA650<br />
40W CO2 laser<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://matterfab.com" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Matterfab</a><br />
Metal printer (stainless steel etc)<br />
Price: Probably professional price of &gt;&gt; 10k<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://pwdr.github.io" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Pwdr 0.1</a><br />
3DP / inkjet cartridge<br />
Gantry<br />
last update 2012?<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://reprap.org/wiki/OpenSLS" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">OpenSLS</a><br />
Wax, Nylon, Sand<br />
Gantry (laser cutter, mirror?)<br />
40W CO2 laser<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://ytec3d.com/plan-b" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Plan-B</a><br />
3DP / inkjet cartridge<br />
Gantry<br />
Gypsum<br />
<br />
<br />
SLA printers: [<a href="http://formlabs.com" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">formlabs.com</a>] [<a href="http://www.peachyprinter.com" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.peachyprinter.com</a>]<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
Some thoughts:<br />
<ol type="1"><li> A cheap laser diode will only be able to sinter (dark) colored nylon. Possibly other colors like orange might work well too. For white nylon you need <b>far</b> infrared light and the cheap near IR laser diode don't provide that. The Nichia 445nm 3W seem a good pick.</li><li> Professional nylon powder is hard to get in small quantities (&lt;500kg). Potentially the price can be as low as <a href="http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Co-plyamide-Nylon-Powder-for-SLS_60076201737.html?s=p" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">$4-$10 per kg</a>.</li><li> Galvo setups often used for light shows are a different kind of tech and you need closed loop galvo with a motor, mirrors, a driver and also a digital to analog interface in order to be used from a typical reprap micro controller board. An additional problem with galvos is that the focus distances needs to change depending on the angle you are firing.</li><li> Metal needs far higher laser strength and even professional SLS machines don't preheat the metal powder. So in order to sinter stainless steel you'll need a very expensive 400W laser. Metal powders are also more dangerous e.g. combustible or toxic. Additionally you'll need inert gas like argon.</li><li> A surface heater (using IR diodes?) for heating the most recent layer of powder seems like the way to go. You'll need an IR thermometer which apparently can be had for something like $20 and constantly control the surface heater as seen in some SLS videos. Plus a heat bed might be good too.</li><li> Thermal insulation against rest of printer</li><li> A gantry is easier and cheaper for our reprap experience, and also should be fast enough for sintering using a diode laser. Sintratec mentions their laser is moving 70+ mm/s and they use a galvo. A delta can do 300mm/s and so should a CoreXY gantry. Eliminating mirrors might help with costs and wear and tear also. Potentially you could also use a inkjet cartridge in parallel to first color a layer and then sinter it for full color printing. </li><li> Theoretically you could design a printer that does SLS, SLA or FDM by simply exchanging the print head and print bed.</li></ol>]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Dejay</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Sat, 25 Apr 2015 07:13:31 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,491564,491564#msg-491564</guid>
            <title>Open sorce laser sintering with heated build chamber and piston. (16 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,491564,491564#msg-491564</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ <b>Greetings</b>, during the last year I have started to design a SLS 3D printer that could be built by everyone with "limited tools" for about 2k, so the goal I set for myself was very similar to what the Reprap project stands for. As I have taken a lot from this great community (the first 3d printer I have built was a Reprap) I thought that in the following moths I can give something back. I have actually worked hard on this project which for now is not more than a few files on my hard drive, and really just wanted to get your thoughts about this design. I am sorry I can’t release all the files just now, as I need a basis for my indiegogo campaign but I can assure you that I will publish them later on.<br />
So if you are interested please find out more about this project at:<br />
<br />
[<a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/You-SLS-DIY-Laser-sintering/" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.instructables.com</a>]<br />
<br />
i have also made youtube videos for the indiegogo campaign:<br />
<br />
[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Txitbq2YkP8" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>]<br />
<br />
[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxLk3ao6i2E" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>]]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Lukas Hoppe</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2015 23:12:11 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,483770,483770#msg-483770</guid>
            <title>Sand Made LS printer (8 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,483770,483770#msg-483770</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello!<br />
<br />
I would like to introduce you my project, Sand Made Laser Sintering Powder 3D printer. Please visit our website<br />
<br />
www.sandmade.pl<br />
<br />
and facebook:<br />
<br />
[<a href="https://www.facebook.com/sandmadepolska" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.facebook.com</a>]<br />
<br />
Please leave a comment!<br />
<br />
Cheers!]]></description>
            <dc:creator>PolishSLS</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2015 15:03:33 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,470190,470190#msg-470190</guid>
            <title>Converting the existing firmware to work for the powder printing process (1 reply)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,470190,470190#msg-470190</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi all,<br />
I am Ajit, and I am new to this RepRap community. I have been closely working on 3D printing for the past one year or so. As a part of my project, I was thinking of converting the existing 3D printing firmware(Repetier) to work for the powder process by adding a few additional motors to to move the powder bed and the wiper blade.<br />
<br />
My question is has anybody tried anything similar to this? and if yes can you please provide a link to the source files? <br />
<br />
Or if somebody is very good with programming if they could help me understand the modifications I need to make? I am not an expert programmer but i can do a little basic-intermediate programming.<br />
<br />
You help is greatly appreciated.<br />
<br />
Thanks and regards<br />
Ajit Sajjan Raj]]></description>
            <dc:creator>ajit.jian1</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2015 22:34:51 -0400</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,455424,455424#msg-455424</guid>
            <title>InkShield Improvements (no replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,455424,455424#msg-455424</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ I recently blew the MC34063A on my <a href="http://nicholasclewis.com/projects/inkshield/" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">InkShield</a>, but I had some MC34063Es laying around.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, they ran hot enough to cook and egg, and would burn out within a few minutes.<br />
<br />
After close inspection of the InkShield schematic and the datasheet, I found that I could reduce the current draw, but keep the same output voltage by reducing the output current by a factor of about 10 (from ~400ma to ~40ma).<br />
<br />
I replaced R1 with a 1 ohm resistor (originally 0.22 Ohm) and C2 with a 100pF capacitor (originally 1.5nF).<br />
<br />
InkShield works again, and runs <i>a lot cooler</i>. I can actually hold my finger on the MC34063E now without burning myself.<br />
<br />
Just thought I’d share, in case anyone else wanted to try a MC34063E in their InkShield.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Ezrec</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2015 17:30:25 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,452824,452824#msg-452824</guid>
            <title>Centrifugal laser sintering (3 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,452824,452824#msg-452824</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello,<br />
<br />
I'm new to laser sintering. So new, infact, that I'm still stupid and naive enough to be having semi-utopian fantasies about it. I'd like to do some basic experiments with an idea that I've got in my head to  <a href="https://brmlab.cz/project/centrifugal_laser_sintering" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">put the powder in a centrifuge while sintering</a>. As I said, I don't know anything about laser sintering, and I'm just mulling over the idea to see if it's worth while.  I'd love to hear your opinions on it.<br />
<br />
Tim]]></description>
            <dc:creator>timthelion</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2015 17:14:12 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,445213,445213#msg-445213</guid>
            <title>Feedback Wanted on Working SLS/SLM 3D Printer (22 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,445213,445213#msg-445213</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello everyone,<br />
<br />
My wife and I have been 3D printing and reprap enthusiasts for years but we have been tied up in developing a selective laser melting 3D printer, to the exclusion of all else.  She's a chemical engineer and I have an engineering background, passionately making things since early childhood. Last year we approached an angel investor and received 60K in seed money, which we used over the course of a year to develop our printer, "The PowdrKeg". The whole process has been a fairly rough and lonely ride, so we are reaching out to the community for support.  We are able to print fully dense parts printed in nylon and virtually any other powdered thermoplastic. At the moment, we still need to develop a surface heater over the next two months, in order to combat warping and enable dramatically higher resolution prints without support structures. Please take a look at the following videos on Youtube and give us your feedback:<br />
<br />
Printing in PA650 (nylon) [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb6Lm9di_sA" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>]<br />
Resulting object: [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvhjN38emQg" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>]<br />
Here's a link the the source .stl file we used: [<a href="http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:277119" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.thingiverse.com</a>]<br />
<br />
Additional footage:<br />
First object we made out of Candelilla Wax: [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HYQFFNGIfg" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>]<br />
Second object we made out of Candelilla Wax: [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K39-fMQ_S3I" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">www.youtube.com</a>]<br />
<br />
We think we have the makings for a low cost SLM printer that overcomes some of the salient limitations of Sintratec's printer (such as only being able to print in black or being sold as a kit.)<br />
Print speed: 1000 mm/s max, 400 mm/s typical.<br />
Prototype build volume: 3600 CC<br />
Production build volume: 8200 CC<br />
Projected price point: $3400<br />
<br />
In the printer operation video we're running the laser power a little on the hot side, rastering at only 100 mm/s and making multiple passes to combat warping after the first layer (which is the only layer in direct contact with a heated bed.) Of course, sharing this post with a friend would be greatly appreciated. Also, we would like to hear your general impression of the results, so don't hold back.<br />
<br />
Thanks!]]></description>
            <dc:creator>Joshua Dickerson</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Sun, 18 Dec 2016 02:52:09 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,440322,440322#msg-440322</guid>
            <title>Galvo setup for SLS (5 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,440322,440322#msg-440322</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hi guys!<br />
<br />
I am working on a project to build a SLS printer.  While searching for a galvo setup for my machine, most of them were meant for laser projectors(stage lighting).  Can we use these galvos for SLS?   I plan on using a 40W CO2 laser for the sintering.  Can anyone please help me in this matter? Most of the galvos in the net are too expensive, it would be really helpful if anyone could me some links where I can find some inexpensive galvo setup.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>KrishnaChetty</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Sun, 18 Dec 2016 10:57:20 -0500</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <guid>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,426536,426536#msg-426536</guid>
            <title>Eastern Logic software&amp;electronics (2 replies)</title>
            <link>https://reprap.org/forum/read.php?153,426536,426536#msg-426536</link>
            <description><![CDATA[ Hello,<br />
<br />
yesterday I have found company from Taiwan: <a href="http://www.easternlogic.com.tw/webe/html/product/3DPrinter.php" target="_blank"  rel="nofollow">Eastern Logic Inc.</a> They offer laser marking software and one of they feature is 3D printing. They offer slicer, support structures, volume optimalization and they have experience in metal powder printing. Also they offer PCI board with galvo scanner protocol support: xy2-protocol plus up to four motor for axis. Beside they offer own galvo scanner head.<br />
<br />
So what do you  think? Is it fake or it's worth of checking? It seems to be ideal solution for SLS and DMLS systems. I've wrote an email to them and we'll see what they got.]]></description>
            <dc:creator>PolishSLS</dc:creator>
            <category>Powder Printing and Selective Laser Sintering</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:03:19 -0500</pubDate>
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