There is a small regulator on the Arduino that sounds like it has died, or the track that provides the input voltage to the regulator is broken.
This regulator provides 5V if you give the Arduino 7V or more on either the VIN pin or the barrel jack. If the regulator works, then the track between the regulator input and the VIN pin could be damaged.
The 5V runs the Arduino, parts of the stepper drivers, and other things on RAMPS.