The firmware can handle a D value of up to 20cm without changing the buffer size. You can increase the buffer size via #define MAX_MEASUREMENT_DELAY, but depending on how much ram you need and what board you are using, there will be a limit. I would think that you could increase to 100 cm and it would delay properly. One drawback of a long delay is that the printer is running 'blind' until theby flipper - Plastic Extruder Working Group
Here is some info on how Marlin uses the filament sensor readings: M221 is a separate factor, (extrudemultiply) and independent of the factor controlled by the sensor (volumetric_multiplier). I am not sure why turning on the filament sensor control would cause the issues in your prints, especially if you are simulating it with a constant voltage at 3v. When you printed the cone the first timeby flipper - Plastic Extruder Working Group
Hey, I've been working on an optical sensor that measures the filament caliper in real time. The idea is to control the rate of extrusion based on the sensor to compensate for varying filament widths. At this point I have it integrated with my printer firmware (Marlin), but have not done much testing yet. Part of the reason is that my current filament does not have a lot of variation. Sensor uby flipper - Controllers