https://reprap.org/mediawiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=VikOlliver&feedformat=atomRepRap - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T15:57:29ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190650RepRapMicron2024-03-22T07:03:42Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire falls of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation. Another possibility is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroadhesion electroadhesion] or plain old magnetism, but this only works with some materials.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is theoretically capable of operating a delta stage, though configuration was problematic and the OpenFlexure stage is not a traditional RepRap delta configuration. The solution was to replace the Marlin delta firmware with standard [https://github.com/robottini/grbl-servo GRBL-servo] XYZ-axis software and use a portable Python program to implement the kinematics and a control panel. This is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with porting the model to Marlin or any other RepRap firmware would be appreciated, as this is a more flexible solution long-term.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. The maths for the delta model needs to be proven, and level movement achieved. After that, th next step is to use the probe to etch a calibration pattern in the substrate. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190649RepRapMicron2024-03-22T07:02:33Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Assembly Manipulation */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire falls of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation. Another possibility is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroadhesion electroadhesion] or plain old magnetism, but this only works with some materials.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is theoretically capable of operating a delta stage, though configuration was problematic and the OpenFlexure stage is not a traditional RepRap delta configuration. The solution was to replace the Marlin with standard [https://github.com/robottini/grbl-servo | GRBL-servo] XYZ-axis software and use a portable Python program to implement the kinematics and a control panel. This is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with porting the model to Marlin or any other RepRap firmware would be appreciated, as this is a more flexible solution long-term.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. The maths for the delta model needs to be proven, and level movement achieved. After that, th next step is to use the probe to etch a calibration pattern in the substrate. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190648RepRapMicron2024-03-22T07:02:10Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Assembly Manipulation */ electroadhesion</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire falls of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation. Another possibility is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroadhesion | electroadhesion] or plain old magnetism, but this only works with some materials.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is theoretically capable of operating a delta stage, though configuration was problematic and the OpenFlexure stage is not a traditional RepRap delta configuration. The solution was to replace the Marlin with standard [https://github.com/robottini/grbl-servo | GRBL-servo] XYZ-axis software and use a portable Python program to implement the kinematics and a control panel. This is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with porting the model to Marlin or any other RepRap firmware would be appreciated, as this is a more flexible solution long-term.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. The maths for the delta model needs to be proven, and level movement achieved. After that, th next step is to use the probe to etch a calibration pattern in the substrate. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190647RepRapMicron2024-03-21T06:36:56Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */ Marlin not suitable as-is</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire falls of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is theoretically capable of operating a delta stage, though configuration was problematic and the OpenFlexure stage is not a traditional RepRap delta configuration. The solution was to replace the Marlin with standard [https://github.com/robottini/grbl-servo | GRBL-servo] XYZ-axis software and use a portable Python program to implement the kinematics and a control panel. This is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with porting the model to Marlin or any other RepRap firmware would be appreciated, as this is a more flexible solution long-term.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. The maths for the delta model needs to be proven, and level movement achieved. After that, th next step is to use the probe to etch a calibration pattern in the substrate. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190646RepRapMicron2024-03-19T04:36:15Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Novel Requirements */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire falls of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is theoretically capable of operating a delta stage, though configuration was problematic. The solution was to replace the Marlin with standard [https://github.com/robottini/grbl-servo | GRBL-servo] XYZ-axis software and use a portable Python program to implement the kinematics and a control panel. This is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated, as this is a more flexible solution long-term.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. The next step is to use the probe to etch a calibration pattern in the substrate. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190645RepRapMicron2024-03-19T03:48:26Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */ Use of GRBL</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is theoretically capable of operating a delta stage, though configuration was problematic. The solution was to replace the Marlin with standard [https://github.com/robottini/grbl-servo | GRBL-servo] XYZ-axis software and use a portable Python program to implement the kinematics and a control panel. This is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated, as this is a more flexible solution long-term.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. The next step is to use the probe to etch a calibration pattern in the substrate. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron_Delta_mods&diff=190644RepRapMicron Delta mods2024-03-19T03:39:07Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Implemented */ Replace Pi</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
= Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage =<br />
<br />
While the OpenFlexure Delta Stage is excellent for microscopy, it requires modification to become an R&D platform for [[RepRapMicron | μRepRap]]. There are a lot of unknown unknowns though, so it makes sense to push it as far as possible until we know what more of them are. A key difference is that microscopy is in 2D while μRepRap requires motion and observation in 3D. So rather than observing a slide from underneath, μRepRap needs to view the precision work area in several dimensions. Currently this is done by extending a beam from the slide platform which can reach a microscope stage.<br />
<br />
Suggested modifications so far are:<br />
<br />
=== Implemented ===<br />
* Replace OpenFlexure Raspberry Pi package with RAMPS system running GRBL<br />
* Improve robustness of motor mounts<br />
* Adaptors for NEMA17 motors<br />
* Extended beam to position probe over free-standing microscope<br />
<br />
=== Unimplemented ===<br />
* 'O' Ring accessibility improvement<br />
* Mounting points to anchor stage to working platform<br />
* Illumination with different colours/directions to improve 3D visibility<br />
<br />
== Redesign ==<br />
<br />
These are potential features for a redesign of the delta stage:<br />
<br />
* Integrate NEMA17 motor mounts<br />
* Some form of axis limit switch, or a hard stop<br />
* Alternative to 'O'-rings for backlash control<br />
* Proper solid beam to reach microscope stage<br />
* Anchor points for cameras viewing multiple angles</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron_Delta_mods&diff=190643RepRapMicron Delta mods2024-03-17T00:59:09Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage */ Added a few more redesign thoughts.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
= Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage =<br />
<br />
While the OpenFlexure Delta Stage is excellent for microscopy, it requires modification to become an R&D platform for [[RepRapMicron | μRepRap]]. There are a lot of unknown unknowns though, so it makes sense to push it as far as possible until we know what more of them are. A key difference is that microscopy is in 2D while μRepRap requires motion and observation in 3D. So rather than observing a slide from underneath, μRepRap needs to view the precision work area in several dimensions. Currently this is done by extending a beam from the slide platform which can reach a microscope stage.<br />
<br />
Suggested modifications so far are:<br />
<br />
=== Implemented ===<br />
* Improve robustness of motor mounts<br />
* Adaptors for NEMA17 motors<br />
* Extended beam to position probe over free-standing microscope<br />
<br />
=== Unimplemented ===<br />
* 'O' Ring accessibility improvement<br />
* Mounting points to anchor stage to working platform<br />
* Illumination with different colours/directions to improve 3D visibility<br />
<br />
== Redesign ==<br />
<br />
These are potential features for a redesign of the delta stage:<br />
<br />
* Integrate NEMA17 motor mounts<br />
* Some form of axis limit switch, or a hard stop<br />
* Alternative to 'O'-rings for backlash control<br />
* Proper solid beam to reach microscope stage<br />
* Anchor points for cameras viewing multiple angles</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron_Delta_mods&diff=190642RepRapMicron Delta mods2024-03-17T00:54:19Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Implemented */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
= Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage =<br />
<br />
While the OpenFlexure Delta Stage is excellent for microscopy, it requires modification to become an R&D platform for [[RepRapMicron | μRepRap]]. There are a lot of unknown unknowns though, so it makes sense to push it as far as possible until we know what more of them are. Suggested modifications so far are:<br />
<br />
=== Implemented ===<br />
* Improve robustness of motor mounts<br />
* Adaptors for NEMA17 motors<br />
* Extended beam to position probe over free-standing microscope<br />
<br />
=== Unimplemented ===<br />
* 'O' Ring accessibility improvement<br />
* Mounting points to anchor stage to working platform<br />
<br />
== Redesign ==<br />
<br />
These are potential features for a redesign of the delta stage:<br />
<br />
* Integrate NEMA17 motor mounts<br />
* Some form of axis limit switch, or a hard stop<br />
* Alternative to 'O'-rings for backlash control</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron_Delta_mods&diff=190641RepRapMicron Delta mods2024-03-17T00:52:37Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Redesign */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
= Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage =<br />
<br />
While the OpenFlexure Delta Stage is excellent for microscopy, it requires modification to become an R&D platform for [[RepRapMicron | μRepRap]]. There are a lot of unknown unknowns though, so it makes sense to push it as far as possible until we know what more of them are. Suggested modifications so far are:<br />
<br />
=== Implemented ===<br />
* Improve robustness of motor mounts<br />
* Adaptors for NEMA17 motors<br />
<br />
=== Unimplemented ===<br />
* 'O' Ring accessibility improvement<br />
* Mounting points to anchor stage to working platform<br />
<br />
== Redesign ==<br />
<br />
These are potential features for a redesign of the delta stage:<br />
<br />
* Integrate NEMA17 motor mounts<br />
* Some form of axis limit switch, or a hard stop<br />
* Alternative to 'O'-rings for backlash control</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron_Delta_mods&diff=190640RepRapMicron Delta mods2024-03-17T00:51:36Z<p>VikOlliver: Link to main project. Development stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
= Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage =<br />
<br />
While the OpenFlexure Delta Stage is excellent for microscopy, it requires modification to become an R&D platform for [[RepRapMicron | μRepRap]]. There are a lot of unknown unknowns though, so it makes sense to push it as far as possible until we know what more of them are. Suggested modifications so far are:<br />
<br />
=== Implemented ===<br />
* Improve robustness of motor mounts<br />
* Adaptors for NEMA17 motors<br />
<br />
=== Unimplemented ===<br />
* 'O' Ring accessibility improvement<br />
* Mounting points to anchor stage to working platform<br />
<br />
== Redesign ==<br />
<br />
These are potential features for a redesign of the delta stage:<br />
<br />
* Integrate NEMA17 motor mounts<br />
* Some form of axis limit switch, or a hard stop</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron_Delta_mods&diff=190639RepRapMicron Delta mods2024-03-17T00:49:28Z<p>VikOlliver: Initial creation</p>
<hr />
<div>= Creating A Micron Accurate Delta Stage =<br />
<br />
While the OpenFlexure Delta Stage is excellent for microscopy, it requires modification to become an R&D platform for μRepRap. There are a lot of unknown unknowns though, so it makes sense to push it as far as possible until we know what more of them are. Suggested modifications so far are:<br />
<br />
=== Implemented ===<br />
* Improve robustness of motor mounts<br />
* Adaptors for NEMA17 motors<br />
<br />
=== Unimplemented ===<br />
* 'O' Ring accessibility improvement<br />
* Mounting points to anchor stage to working platform<br />
<br />
== Redesign ==<br />
<br />
These are potential features for a redesign of the delta stage:<br />
<br />
* Integrate NEMA17 motor mounts<br />
* Some form of axis limit switch, or a hard stop</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190638RepRapMicron2024-03-17T00:04:02Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */ Link to changes page initiated.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
Some [[RepRapMicron_Delta_mods | changes]] will be needed to the Delta Stage, as it is primarily intended as a finished article for microscopy, and we're after something that can be hacked about a bit.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190637RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:19:21Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Background */ Smaller scale</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
There is the interesting possibility that this technology could replicate, and even do so at a yet smaller scale.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190636RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:17:33Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Collaboration */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190635RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:17:12Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Collaboration */ Link to blog</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the [[http://blog.reprap.org reprap.org blog]], and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190634RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:15:35Z<p>VikOlliver: Added test dot deposition image.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Test dot deposition achieved with a hypodermic tip]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. Participation is encouraged. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2024-03-13-084007_annotated.jpg&diff=190633File:2024-03-13-084007 annotated.jpg2024-03-13T00:12:57Z<p>VikOlliver: Annotated image showing deposition made with a 40μm hypodermic tip.</p>
<hr />
<div>Annotated image showing deposition made with a 40μm hypodermic tip.</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190632RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:09:56Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */ Update. Probe beam now two wires. Results of oil droplets. Fixing tips.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (two 85mm lengths of No. 12 fencing wire soldered at an angle for bracing) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
Probe tips are held in standard hypodermic needles. A croc clip fits in the cavity in the needle base, and allows simple fixing and removing of the tips. Initial experimentation is largely done with hypodermic needles as they have a 30-40μm tip and are reasonably robust.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a variety of tips and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope. Assistance with configuring Marlin would be appreciated.<br />
<br />
Initial tests showed the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (motor oil with soot mixed in) at intervals on the slide. Initial tests show deposited dots correspond closely to the tip size, and that multiple dots can be created with one dip of the probe in the fluid. Once this is well tested, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190631RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:01:44Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Assembly Manipulation */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a rotating manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190630RepRapMicron2024-03-13T00:00:53Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Assembly Manipulation */ Mention shadow, lighting angles, hold points.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Seeing the object being fabricated during development is crucial. As micron scale optics tend to be very 2D and have a limited depth of focus, gauging the height of things is particularly difficult. There are some tricks that can be applied such as creating shadows, and illuminating the object with different coloured LEDs from several angles. These techniques are also useful for observing completed objects.<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation of hold points with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190629RepRapMicron2024-03-11T07:32:07Z<p>VikOlliver: Added the development stub panel</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development<br />
|name = μReprap (RepRapMicron)<br />
|image = URepRap logo.png|200px<br />
|status = Early development<br />
|description = Micron-scale 3D Printer<br />
|license = [[GPL]]<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = μReprap<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Needs Build Instructions|Needs Build Instructions]][[Category:Needs Build Instructions]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:URepRap_logo.png&diff=190628File:URepRap logo.png2024-03-11T07:29:47Z<p>VikOlliver: RepRap logo with a micron in the middle</p>
<hr />
<div>RepRap logo with a micron in the middle</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190627RepRapMicron2024-03-09T08:09:24Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Assembly Manipulation */ clarify typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development}}<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the probe tip to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe tip could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190626RepRapMicron2024-03-08T20:10:10Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development}}<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the top to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed. Model files required can be found at https://www.printables.com/model/797699<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190625RepRapMicron2024-03-07T08:20:25Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Collaboration */ Mention Facebook</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development}}<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the top to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki. There is likely to be some discussion on the Facebook RepRap page - note that due to spam you must answer the group question before posting on Facebook!<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190624RepRapMicron2024-03-07T04:26:46Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Practical Progress */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development}}<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the top to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
[[File:URepRap first test rig.jpg|200px|thumb|right|First test rig using OpenFlexure Delta Stage]]<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki.<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:URepRap_first_test_rig.jpg&diff=190623File:URepRap first test rig.jpg2024-03-07T04:24:43Z<p>VikOlliver: Initial test rig using OpenFlexure Delta stage with a single functional stepper and a wire probe being observed through a microscope.</p>
<hr />
<div>Initial test rig using OpenFlexure Delta stage with a single functional stepper and a wire probe being observed through a microscope.</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190622RepRapMicron2024-03-07T03:53:31Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Novel Requirements */ Added image of etched probe tip</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development}}<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png|200px|thumb|right|Example tip (left) and 24ga hypodermic point (right)]] The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the top to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki.<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Probe_tip_and_hypodermic.png&diff=190621File:Probe tip and hypodermic.png2024-03-07T03:51:02Z<p>VikOlliver: Tip of a 24 gauge hypodermic needle (right) and an electrically etched probe top with a tip radius of approximately 0.25µm</p>
<hr />
<div>Tip of a 24 gauge hypodermic needle (right) and an electrically etched probe top with a tip radius of approximately 0.25µm</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190620RepRapMicron2024-03-07T03:45:37Z<p>VikOlliver: Added development stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development:Stub}} //identifies pages under construction. remove when the page is relatively stable.<br />
{{Development}}<br />
== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the top to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki.<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=RepRapMicron&diff=190619RepRapMicron2024-03-07T03:44:49Z<p>VikOlliver: Initial entry of page</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The µRepRap is intended to be a RepRap capable of micron (1/1000th of a millimetre, or 1µm) and sub-micron fabrication. This degree of accuracy has been made possible by 3D printed microscope platforms designed by [https://openflexure.org/ The OpenFlexure Project]. Expectations for the initial prototype are to demonstrate repeatable positioning to better than 3µm on a work area 10mm across, and to produce a probe tip in lieu of a print head that is suitable for manufacture in a simple home workshop.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Microelectronics and Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) are essential components of most of the electronic wizardry we use in our everyday lives, whether we realise it or not. In the way that RepRap brought Open 3D fabrication to the masses, the aim of the µRepRap Project is to bring users the same capabilities on a much smaller scale and allow those components to evolve in the same way.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Precision manufacturing began somewhere in the 1700's, and the first micron scale electronic devices were fabricated from silicon in the 1960’s. Ever since then the technology focused largely on silicon, with fabrication systems becoming ever more complex, esoteric, and costly. The techniques used are difficult for the average hobbyist to manage, and in many cases are downright dangerous.<br />
<br />
In biology and medicine, equipment to measure and manipulate objects on the micron scale are relatively common - though these devices tend to be large, specialized, and expensive. Recently though, microscope platforms capable of sub-micron resolution were developed by The OpenFlexure Project, and these have created an opportunity for developing micron scale fabrication.<br />
<br />
If micron scale manufacturing can be achieved by RepRap-like technology, it is likely that these fields will be advanced in the same way that manufacturing was by the RepRap. The biological sciences will gain from inexpensive, rapidly-evolving equipment. The microelectronics field will regain the potential for independent communities develop on the micron scale, and break away from its fixation on silicon as its main platform. As with 3D printing, there will certainly be new developments in fields that do not currently even exist.<br />
<br />
== Requirements ==<br />
<br />
Micron scale 3D printing has many of the same requirements that The RepRap Project developed when initially printing on the macro scale:<br />
# A 3-axis positioning system<br />
# CAD/CAM software<br />
# Axis zeroing sensors<br />
# A deposition system<br />
# Building material<br />
<br />
In addition there is the practical aspect that humans are unable to directly manipulate micron scale assemblies and sub-assemblies. Novel systems are therefore needed to:<br />
# Detach printed items<br />
# Transport items<br />
# Rotate and position items<br />
# Conduct micron scale maintenance tasks<br />
<br />
While conventional optics are readily available to allow humans to initiate and inspect the fabrication processes, it is likely that some customisation of the optics will be desirable.<br />
<br />
== Adaption Of Existing RepRap Technology ==<br />
<br />
The 3-axis positioning systems developed for the RepRap are largely applicable to operation on the micron scale. They are also readily available and understood by many potential collaborators. Likewise the CAD/CAM systems developed can largely describe the volumetric and control aspects on the micron scale. Early RepRap designs catered for many initial design issues experienced, such as backlash and the management of delays in the extrusion system, and these will likely have parallels.<br />
<br />
One example would be the positioning system. Current 3D printers use microswitches, optoelectronics, and hall-effect sensors to detect the zero position of an axis. Others simply slam the axis into a physical stop. One possible solution is a light gate closing off a light source, the light minima indicating a known position. Actual probe height above the work area needs to be determined, and this initially is likely to be a manual process.<br />
<br />
The control of the deposition process and the choice of building material will need to be reconsidered due to the practical issues of creating fine extrusion orifices and moving phase-changing materials through them. Photosensitive resins as used in resin printers do scale however, and similar materials are already used widely in the microelectronics industry. Their wide availability to the 3D printing community makes them worthy of consideration.<br />
<br />
It is likely that a number of substances with desirable physical properties will be experimented with. Conductive and electrically active materials are an obvious step. A magnetic material would allow a means of activating assemblies by means of an external magnetic field. Droplets of catalyst could be used to solidify a substrate or render it soluble etc.<br />
<br />
== Novel Requirements ==<br />
<br />
The simplest form of deposition system is an old-fashioned dip pen. It requires no more than being dipped in an inkwell, and then to be touched to a surface. If the ink can be persuaded to change phase by thermal cycling, photosetting, or application of electricity etc., the print head itself need not have any complex or moving parts.<br />
<br />
A sufficiently sharp tip, in the sub-micron range, can be easily made on the workbench from fine wire. 22 gauge (0.12mm) titanium or nichrome wire work well. Place a large electrode in the bottom of a container of 5% sodium chloride solution and connect this to the negative side of 3 AA cells in series. Suspend a length of wire vertically in the salt solution, and apply +4.5V to it. Electrochemical erosion occurs, and when the end of the wire fall of, cut the current. The process takes a few minutes and can be automated or done manually.<br />
<br />
Combined, these items allow the formation of a test system for deposition, operated by conventional CAD/CAM systems attached to an OpenFlexure stage.<br />
<br />
== Assembly Manipulation ==<br />
<br />
Once an object has been fabricated, one way to detach and manoeuvre it would be to simply use the “ink” to glue the top to the assembly. While adequate for initial experimentation, eventual re-use of the probe is desirable and a release mechanism such as heating the probe could be implemented.<br />
<br />
To rotate parts does not necessarily require a manipulator. Parts could be made to rotate around built-in pivots when moved or operated with the probe. To move in the vertical plane, an assembly could contain joints that allow it to erect itself at the desired angle by manipulation with the probe. Once the assembly is in the required orientation the probe can be glued to the angled assembly. By use of multiple probes, each attached to an OpenFlexure stage, and the ability to apply glue, assemblies can be combined arbitrarily to produce macro-scale items and either positioned with the probe or more conventional manipulation.<br />
<br />
The maintenance tasks are currently unknown. Likely more convenient tools – grippers, rotating devices, probe recovery systems, ink well fillers – will need to be manufactured. The early stage of development will likely have a high attrition rate.<br />
<br />
== Practical Progress ==<br />
<br />
At this point an OpenFlexure Delta Stage has been constructed with two modifications: A simple beam extension (100mm of No. 12 fencing wire) to allow the probe to be moved in the field of view of a conventional microscope capable of sub-micron resolution, and the driving of a single axis of the stage with a NEMA17 stepper motor. By controlling the stepper with a standard RAMPS board and 3D printer software, a repeatable motion with a step accuracy of approximately 3 microns was observed.<br />
<br />
The author plans to make a more rigid extension beam and drive the two remaining axes. As the Marlin 3D printer software is capable of operating a delta stage, this is expected to provide an experimental platform capable of reliably moving a probe in 3 dimensions under the view of a suitable microscope.<br />
<br />
Initial tests planned include determining if the probe can make marks in a coloured substrate (Sharpie marker on a microscope slide) and deposit controlled dots and streaks of a viscous fluid (some kind of oil) at intervals on the slide. Once this is done, an attempt will be made to deposit UV-sensitive photopolymer resins, and progress to multiple layers.<br />
<br />
== Collaboration ==<br />
<br />
The project will be conducted as Open Source under the terms of the GPL 3 or later licence, and documentation distributed under the terms of the GFDL. Progress will be blogged on the reprap.org blog, and the primary repository for technical details and conclusions will be on the reprap.org wiki.<br />
<br />
As a side note, the original Z80 processor was manufactured using an 8 micron process. Construction of assemblies on this scale seems an achievable goal.<br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
Hopefully this will bring the RepRap project to smaller and smaller things.<br />
[[User:VikOlliver|VikOlliver]] ([[User talk:VikOlliver|talk]]) 22:44, 6 March 2024 (EST)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=3D_scanning&diff=1408203D scanning2015-01-06T21:44:19Z<p>VikOlliver: /* DIY */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''3D scanning''' is the process of making a 3D file from a statue, model, or building.<br />
<br />
==Structured-light scanning==<br />
<br />
Structured-light scanning is making a 3D file of an object just using a camera or a camcorder with either 1) a projected grid from a video projector or 2) a projected line(s) from low power laser light source (generally, a laser-pointer or similar). It should be born in mind that 3D scanning produces clouds of discrete points, not contiguous surfaces. A scanned primitive shape like a cube or a sphere is not recognised by CAD programs, and point cloud processing software is often the most expensive component of commercial systems.<br />
<br />
===DIY===<br />
<br />
SplineScan was a free and open source software project that reached a high level of polish and sophistication, but has now been discontinued. The code has been forked into a new project, for more info see the RepRap local documentation stub [[SplineScan]].<br />
<br />
[http://fablab.org| Fab Lab] Created a reasonable Open Source 3D scanner - [http://hci.rwth-aachen.de/fabscan| FabScan] based on a turntable and a line laser that can be driven from a [[RAMPS_1.4]] board. Unfortunately a [https://bugreports.qt-project.org/browse/QTBUG-41606| memory leak] in the underlying Qt library code prevents useful quantities of scan points being gathered as of the end of 2014.<br />
<br />
[http://www.david-laserscanner.com| David Laserscanner] is closed source but there is a *free* basic scanning software version, and a commercial edition that costs €199, for which you get additional tools for assembling and combining multiple scans of the same object into a watertight model, and for applying textures. David requires a 3-plane "corner" with calibration targets, a laser line generator, red or green, and a web cam or a video recording of the line being swept over the target in the "corner". There's also a "for sale" starter kit. The kit costs €400 and you need a Windows computer. You get a suitable camera and laser line, and the panels to build and calibrate the "corner". They've spent a lot of time on their website, and there's good feedback and advice from users and the vendors through good forums, and many real-world user examples. If you already have a laser line generator, and a web or video camera, and three 600mm x 600mm sheets of MDF or similar, you can build a David scanner and be operating it within a couple of hours. Scan output is .obj, and if you're using the free version, Meshlab can assemble and stitch multiple scans into one object.<br />
<br />
===Commercial===<br />
There are probably a number of expensive solutions for doing this, based on good software, a camera, and a laser pointer. And good marketing.<br />
<br />
==Photogrammetry scanning==<br />
<br />
This is making a 3D file of an object just using a camera, or a camcorder, even without a laser-pointer-like light source.<br />
<br />
Technically this is called 'photogrammetry' or more precisely 'object reconstruction'. The following is a list of free programs, but the full list is available from wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Platform !! Standalone / Plugin !! Automatic modeling !! Scalability !! Data source !! Inception !! Vendor / creator !! Software License !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.123dapp.com/catch 123D Catch (Beta)] || Windows/OSX/iOS, Web-based || Standalone part of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_123D 123D suite] || Yes || No, limit of 70 images (40 on iphone app) || Images/Video || 2011 || Autodesk || Freemium || General purpose<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/ngt/stereo/ Ames Stereo Pipeline] || Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || No, 2 images only || Images || Unknown || NASA || Open Source || map mars landscape with only 2 cameras<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.arc3d.be/ ARC3D] || Web-based || Standalone || No, use MeshLab || Yes, multiple images || Images || 2005 || KU Leuven || Proprietary || Upload pictures, download point-cloud<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.di.ens.fr/cmvs/ CMVS] || ? || Standalone || ? || Yes, multiple images || Images (from the internet) || Completed? || University of Washington || [[GPL]] || [http://grail.cs.washington.edu/rome/ “build” Rome in a day] from pictures on the internet<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.simactive.com Correlator3D] || Windows || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2003|| [http://www.simactive.com SimActive Inc.] || Proprietary & Patented || 3D mapping from aerial and satellite images<br />
|-<br />
| [http://enwaii.com Enwaii] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone/Plugin (Maya) || No || Yes, multiple images || Images/Video/LIDAR || 2008 || Banzai Pipeline Ltd || Proprietary || High-end 3d scans of sets for Hollywood CG.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Harvester]] || TBD || Standalone || TBD || Yes, multiple images || Images || Incomplete || [[User:Midge]] || [[GPL]] || DIY 3D scanning<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.hypr3d.com/ Hypr3D] (now [http://www.cubify.com/] Cubify Capture)|| Web-based || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images/Video || 2010 || Viztu Technologies || Proprietary || upload pictures, download .stl<br />
|-<br />
| [http://insight3d.sourceforge.net/ Insight 3D] || Windows/Linux || Standalone || Yes? || Yes, multiple images || Images || Incomplete || Lukas Mach || [[AGPL]] 3 || generate point-clouds of scenes (e.g., buildings)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://code.google.com/p/libmv/ libmv] || Matchmoving backend for Blender || Blender backend || Yes || Yes || Images/Video || Incomplete || community effort || [[MIT License]] || primarily matchmoving, but also reconstructing 3d models<br />
|-<br />
| [http://mementify.com Mementify] || iOS || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2012 || Tretja dimenzija, XLAB || proprietary || App-based photo upload and model download<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.my3dscanner.com/ My3DScanner] || Web-based || Standalone || No || Yes, multiple images || Images || 2010? || My3DScanner || Proprietary || upload pictures, download point-cloud<br />
|-<br />
| [http://phov.eu PHOV] || Web-based (free trial) || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2010 || XLAB || Proprietary || upload pictures, download point-cloud<br />
|-<br />
| [http://opensourcephotogrammetry.blogspot.com/2010/09/python-photogrammetry-toolbox.html Python Photogrammetry Toolbox] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| Unknown || [http://www.arc-team.homelinux.com Arc-Team] || GPL? || Runs CMVS on any platform without installing Cygwin <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.agisoft.ru/products/stereoscan/ StereoScan] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || No, 2 images only || Images || 2010 || Agisoft || Proprietary || Generate 3d meshes from 2 pictures<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ccwu.me/vsfm/ VisualSFM] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images || Unknown || Changchang Wu || Apache 2.0 (Open Source, but non-commercial) || GUI for CMVS<br />
|- <br />
| [http://dlt.fmt.bme.hu WebDLT] || Web-based || Standalone || No || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2012 || B. Molnar, BME FMT || Proprietary? || Upload pictures, type physical measurements, and download DXF<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Touch-probe scanning==<br />
: ''Main page: [[CMM]]''<br />
*"Robot Arm Type": here a human guides a 'finger' of a device that looks like a robot arm over a model or sculpture. This deals well with overhangs and precise geometries like boreholes or outer diameters.<br />
<br />
*"Generic Touch Probe": we can mount a touch probe toolhead on a 2+1 axis machine like a CNC router, mill, or RepRap. This is convenient if we don't have a robot arm handy.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
See also [[David_Project]].<br />
<br />
* [http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Beagle_Board_Challenge:_Beagle_Scan "Beagle Board Challenge: Beagle Scan"] uses structured-light scanning.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Toolheads]]<br />
[[Category:3D scanning| ]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=3D_scanning&diff=1408193D scanning2015-01-06T21:40:55Z<p>VikOlliver: /* DIY */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''3D scanning''' is the process of making a 3D file from a statue, model, or building.<br />
<br />
==Structured-light scanning==<br />
<br />
Structured-light scanning is making a 3D file of an object just using a camera or a camcorder with either 1) a projected grid from a video projector or 2) a projected line(s) from low power laser light source (generally, a laser-pointer or similar). It should be born in mind that 3D scanning produces clouds of discrete points, not contiguous surfaces. A scanned primitive shape like a cube or a sphere is not recognised by CAD programs, and point cloud processing software is often the most expensive component of commercial systems.<br />
<br />
===DIY===<br />
<br />
SplineScan was a free and open source software project that reached a high level of polish and sophistication, but has now been discontinued. The code has been forked into a new project, for more info see the RepRap local documentation stub [[SplineScan]].<br />
<br />
[http://fablab.org| Fab Lab] Created a reasonable Open Source 3D scanner - [http://hci.rwth-aachen.de/fabscan| FabScan ] based on a turntable and a line laser that can be driven from a RAMPS board. Unfortunately a [https://bugreports.qt-project.org/browse/QTBUG-41606| memory leak] in the underlying Qt library code prevents useful quantities of scan points being gathered as of the end of 2014.<br />
<br />
[http://www.david-laserscanner.com| David Laserscanner] is closed source but there is a *free* basic scanning software version, and a commercial edition that costs €199, for which you get additional tools for assembling and combining multiple scans of the same object into a watertight model, and for applying textures. David requires a 3-plane "corner" with calibration targets, a laser line generator, red or green, and a web cam or a video recording of the line being swept over the target in the "corner". There's also a "for sale" starter kit. The kit costs €400 and you need a Windows computer. You get a suitable camera and laser line, and the panels to build and calibrate the "corner". They've spent a lot of time on their website, and there's good feedback and advice from users and the vendors through good forums, and many real-world user examples. If you already have a laser line generator, and a web or video camera, and three 600mm x 600mm sheets of MDF or similar, you can build a David scanner and be operating it within a couple of hours. Scan output is .obj, and if you're using the free version, Meshlab can assemble and stitch multiple scans into one object.<br />
<br />
===Commercial===<br />
There are probably a number of expensive solutions for doing this, based on good software, a camera, and a laser pointer. And good marketing.<br />
<br />
==Photogrammetry scanning==<br />
<br />
This is making a 3D file of an object just using a camera, or a camcorder, even without a laser-pointer-like light source.<br />
<br />
Technically this is called 'photogrammetry' or more precisely 'object reconstruction'. The following is a list of free programs, but the full list is available from wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Platform !! Standalone / Plugin !! Automatic modeling !! Scalability !! Data source !! Inception !! Vendor / creator !! Software License !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.123dapp.com/catch 123D Catch (Beta)] || Windows/OSX/iOS, Web-based || Standalone part of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_123D 123D suite] || Yes || No, limit of 70 images (40 on iphone app) || Images/Video || 2011 || Autodesk || Freemium || General purpose<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/ngt/stereo/ Ames Stereo Pipeline] || Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || No, 2 images only || Images || Unknown || NASA || Open Source || map mars landscape with only 2 cameras<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.arc3d.be/ ARC3D] || Web-based || Standalone || No, use MeshLab || Yes, multiple images || Images || 2005 || KU Leuven || Proprietary || Upload pictures, download point-cloud<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.di.ens.fr/cmvs/ CMVS] || ? || Standalone || ? || Yes, multiple images || Images (from the internet) || Completed? || University of Washington || [[GPL]] || [http://grail.cs.washington.edu/rome/ “build” Rome in a day] from pictures on the internet<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.simactive.com Correlator3D] || Windows || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2003|| [http://www.simactive.com SimActive Inc.] || Proprietary & Patented || 3D mapping from aerial and satellite images<br />
|-<br />
| [http://enwaii.com Enwaii] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone/Plugin (Maya) || No || Yes, multiple images || Images/Video/LIDAR || 2008 || Banzai Pipeline Ltd || Proprietary || High-end 3d scans of sets for Hollywood CG.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Harvester]] || TBD || Standalone || TBD || Yes, multiple images || Images || Incomplete || [[User:Midge]] || [[GPL]] || DIY 3D scanning<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.hypr3d.com/ Hypr3D] (now [http://www.cubify.com/] Cubify Capture)|| Web-based || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images/Video || 2010 || Viztu Technologies || Proprietary || upload pictures, download .stl<br />
|-<br />
| [http://insight3d.sourceforge.net/ Insight 3D] || Windows/Linux || Standalone || Yes? || Yes, multiple images || Images || Incomplete || Lukas Mach || [[AGPL]] 3 || generate point-clouds of scenes (e.g., buildings)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://code.google.com/p/libmv/ libmv] || Matchmoving backend for Blender || Blender backend || Yes || Yes || Images/Video || Incomplete || community effort || [[MIT License]] || primarily matchmoving, but also reconstructing 3d models<br />
|-<br />
| [http://mementify.com Mementify] || iOS || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2012 || Tretja dimenzija, XLAB || proprietary || App-based photo upload and model download<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.my3dscanner.com/ My3DScanner] || Web-based || Standalone || No || Yes, multiple images || Images || 2010? || My3DScanner || Proprietary || upload pictures, download point-cloud<br />
|-<br />
| [http://phov.eu PHOV] || Web-based (free trial) || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2010 || XLAB || Proprietary || upload pictures, download point-cloud<br />
|-<br />
| [http://opensourcephotogrammetry.blogspot.com/2010/09/python-photogrammetry-toolbox.html Python Photogrammetry Toolbox] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images|| Unknown || [http://www.arc-team.homelinux.com Arc-Team] || GPL? || Runs CMVS on any platform without installing Cygwin <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.agisoft.ru/products/stereoscan/ StereoScan] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || No, 2 images only || Images || 2010 || Agisoft || Proprietary || Generate 3d meshes from 2 pictures<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ccwu.me/vsfm/ VisualSFM] || Windows/Linux/OS X || Standalone || Yes || Yes, multiple images || Images || Unknown || Changchang Wu || Apache 2.0 (Open Source, but non-commercial) || GUI for CMVS<br />
|- <br />
| [http://dlt.fmt.bme.hu WebDLT] || Web-based || Standalone || No || Yes, multiple images || Images|| 2012 || B. Molnar, BME FMT || Proprietary? || Upload pictures, type physical measurements, and download DXF<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Touch-probe scanning==<br />
: ''Main page: [[CMM]]''<br />
*"Robot Arm Type": here a human guides a 'finger' of a device that looks like a robot arm over a model or sculpture. This deals well with overhangs and precise geometries like boreholes or outer diameters.<br />
<br />
*"Generic Touch Probe": we can mount a touch probe toolhead on a 2+1 axis machine like a CNC router, mill, or RepRap. This is convenient if we don't have a robot arm handy.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
See also [[David_Project]].<br />
<br />
* [http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Beagle_Board_Challenge:_Beagle_Scan "Beagle Board Challenge: Beagle Scan"] uses structured-light scanning.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Toolheads]]<br />
[[Category:3D scanning| ]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Printing_Material_Suppliers&diff=95940Printing Material Suppliers2013-06-14T22:07:51Z<p>VikOlliver: /* 1.75mm diameter filament */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Suppliers_by_Part]]<br />
<br />
=Filament=<br />
<br />
Below is a table listing suppliers of filament. <br />
* Costs are only approximate and are likely to change.<br />
* Always check before ordering, and if you can, update this page. <br />
* If there are any missing fields in the table, please feel free to update.<br />
<br />
* But most of all '''''review your supplier'''''!!''<br />
<br />
==1.75mm diameter filament==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''1.75mm dia filament'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /kg !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d2print.net 3D2PRINT - Creating the 3rd dimension][[File:3d2print.jpg]] || From Germany and Denmark to Worldwide || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || from €16,76/kg ex VAT. ||43 variants in stock for immediate shipping. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/abs/ ABS] and [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/pla/ PLA] in plain vivid colors: Black, Blue, Gold, Green, Grey, Orange, Red, Pink, Purple, Transparent, Silver, White and Yellow a.o. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green/Yellow/Red); Temperature sensitive Filament (Blue green to Yellow green/Dark gray to white/Purple to pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
Great discounts available on [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/kits/ Saver Packs].<br />
<br />
Professional shipping to worldwide destinations.<br />
<br />
EU VAT exemption for business customers and outside EU. <br />
<br />
[http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/astm/ ASTM test results] available. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/ul-94-test-results/ UL-94 HB] compliant. Need to identify if its ABS or PLA you got in your hands? [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/filament-burn-test/ Filament Burn Test].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3distributed.com/collections/filament/products/taulman-3d-nylon-618 3Distributed] || From London, UK || [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || £28/pound || -[[1.75mm and 3mm avaiable]] - Next day shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dkarma.com 3DKarma] || From UK || [[PLA]] || from £18.11/kg ex tax || Black, blue, red, green, yellow, white, grey, silver, glow-in-the-dark and natural (translucent) available in 1.0kg and 2.3kg spools. Constantly expanding colour and product range (PLA, ABS and PVA).<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmaker.se 3DMaker]<br />[[File:3dmaker.png]] || From Sweden || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || 360kr for 0.9kg PLA , 410kr for 0.9kg (ABS) weight with spool, 1 kg. || Make a visit to Uppsala and buy directly!.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmakerworld.com/plastic-filament 3D Maker World] [[File:3DMakerWorld.png]] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $42 for 1kg, $40 for 2kg (SUMMER SALE till 8/31/2013: $35.70 for 1kg, $68 for 2kg) || NatureWorks IngeoTM 4043D PLA. (Note: NatureWorks and IngeoTM are trademarks or registered trademarks of NatureWorks LLC.) <br> Chi Mei Polylac® PA-747 ABS. (Note: Polylac® is a registered trademark of the Chi Mei Industrial Corporation, LTD.) <br> Premium quality. Made in the USA. Shipping Worldwide.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmania.sk www.3dmania.sk] || From Slovakia || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || from 21€/kg incl. tax || PLA, ABS 18 different colors in 1.0kg spools. Next day shipping<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d-printer-filaments.com 3D-Printer-Filaments.com] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $28-$31/kg ($19/lb), $28-$31/kg ($19/lb) if purchase 2 spools || '''*** ALWAYS HAS STOCK ***''' PLA, ABS more than 20 different colors --> blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools. 1kg/2.2lbs on spool. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.octave.com/ABS-Filament/c123457117/index.html Octave Systems] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark|| Available in standard, fluorescent and glow-in-the-dark. Single reels or 2 and 4 reel packs. Colors include natural, white, black, blue, brown, gold, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, and yellow.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprintergear.com.au 3DPrinterGear] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || AU$40-75/kg Free shipping || Available in 1kg spools. natural, white, green, yellow, purple, orange, red, pink, blue, black, grey, glow in dark blue.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dprinterhub.com/3d-printer-store/3d-print-materials 3D Printer Hub] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || $30/kg || 1kg spools: white, black, red, blue, natural, yellow. Ships in 24 hours.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprinterstuff.com/shop/page/6?shop_param= 3D Printer Stuff] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $33 - 38/kg ($17 - 19/lb || Available in 1, 2, and 5 lb spools. Red, orange, yellow, green, olive, sky blue, navy blue, purple, rust, white, natural, black.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dtec.ch 3dtec.ch] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || > 34 sFr/kg excl. tax || Natureworks PLA, ABS more than 20 different types and colours like blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark, conductive,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.a2aprinter.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=25 A2APrinter] || From Canada || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $36 - 38/kg || White, Yellow, Black<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=sr_nr_p_4_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A3006902011%2Cp_4%3AJet+3D&bbn=3006902011&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1360684583&rnid=3189287011 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Canada] || Free shipping within Canada || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_nr_p_n_availability_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A16310091%2Cp_4%3A3D+Printer+Supplies&bbn=16310091&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194507 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon] || From USA || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $18-35/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg/1.5kg spool rod. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. Immediate shipping from USA. Worldwide shipping. Free shipping possible through Amazon Fullfill Prime. Return allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=sr_nr_p_76_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A560798%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09%2Cp_76%3A419159031&bbn=560798&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1347553808&rnid=419157031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon UK] || From UK to 26 European Countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[http://store.afinia.com/Filament_c_12.html Afinia] || From USA|| [[ABS]] || $31.99 - $44.99/kg || Value-Line (High Quality Filament at Exceptional Pricing) and Premium ABS Filament in an assortment of colors.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.bio-bp.com/e_productshow/?51-PLA-175mm-3D-filamen-51.html Bio-BP] || From China|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg <br> (+$5-10/kg Shipping)|| Yellow/Green/Red<br />
|-<br />
| [http://botmill.com/index.php/materials.html BotMill] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $37 - $44/kg ($17 - 20/lb) || Min 5lb(11kg) order. Worldwide shipping <br> PLA - black and natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bootsindustries.com/ BootsIndustries] || From Canada || [[PLA]] || $38.50/kg || Super Premium - 0.03 mm Tolerance - Red, Blue, Emerald, Black, White - Shipping Canada/USA - Grand Opening July 1st 2013 - Don't miss our launch promotion!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.brightcn.net/e/products/prod1/p110.html BrightCN] (esunPLA)|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel|| black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.Buy3DInk.com Buy 3D Ink] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $35 /kg ($17/lb)|| Red, green, blue, black, white, yellow, natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.coolcomponents.co.uk/catalog/index.php?cPath=89_98 Cool Components] || From UK || [[ABS]] || £24.99/kg (£11.35/lb) || Available in Black, Blue, Green, Red & White (1kg spools).<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://croxwordz.blogspot.com Croxword] || From Taiwan || [[ABS]] || $25 /kg ($12 /lb) : $50/ per box of 2kg (+$12 Shipping)|| White/Black/Blue/Yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://czechreprap.eu czechreprap.eu] || From Czech (EU) || [[ABS]] || $33/kg || Red, other colors soon<br />
|-<br />
| [http://diamondage.co.nz/pla.html Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || From NZ || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || NZ$95.60 /kg PLA <br> NZ$143 /kg ABS <br> Shipping : ~NZ10$ per roll to Europe/US. || ~0.28kg for a 100 meter roll. Spools avail. Various colours, metallic fx & luminous. Also sells parts.<br /> Contact vik [at] diamondage.co.nz<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap-3d-printer.com eMotion Tech] || From France || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 27,2$/kg PLA&ABS || Free spools avail. Various colours, low shipping cost to EU<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.easysolid.com Easysolid] || From Barcelona, Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 21€/kg PLA&ABS || 1kg. Spools. Different colors available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://esun.en.alibaba.com/product/472333729-212653045/productdetail.html Esun, Alibaba]|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg €11-15 £9-13/kg <br> (+$5-8/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentEsunplaReviews|Reviews]]-<br>black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabber-parts.de/shop fabber-parts] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20~24 /kg 1kg/spool|| PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
Beware: some filament are not consistent with the tolerance given (1.75 mm +- 0.1 mm). I bought a (very faint!) "Glow in the dark blue" and found bumps of 2.25 mm! It blocked my replicator2, with the risk of damaging the extruder. Asked replacement/discount on next order to the company two times, but no answer in one month!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/ Faberdashery Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]] || Sold by the meter - From £0.22/m <br> €73-102/kg || An emporium of high-quality colored PLA, sold by the meter or in 100m coils<br /> Pack with 10m of 10 colors also available (£22) [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/print-materials/rainbow-fun-pack/ Rainbow Fun Pack]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.felixprinters.com/ FELIXprinters.com] || From Netherlands || [[PLA]] || €45.95 for 2.3kg roll, 27.95 for 1kg roll || Different colors(Red, Green, Blue, Black, Transparent, Pink) of 1 and 2.3kg rolls available, worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.filaco.com Filaco]<br />[[File:Filaco-RGB_web.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[HIPS]], [[PLA]] || $20-25 for 0.5kg spool, $40-44 for 1kg spool (plus freight) || ABS and HIPS available in 0.5kg spools. PLA available in 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.filamentprint.com FilamentPrint Ltd] || From UK || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] [[bespoke]] || from £20/kg || Quality Engineering grade materials, as supplied to main machine manufactures as own brand. 1kg or larger spools or small quantities/by the meter with economical shipping charges. Enquire for bulk deals. PLA dosed to ensure flow characteristics and stability.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.formfutura.com Formfutura] <br> <br> [[File:Official_logo_FormFutura-small.jpg]]|| From Netherlands || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Flexible PLA]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || Spool-wrapped for '''€26.45/kg''' || -[[FilamentReviewsFormfutura|Reviews]]-<br> Premium quality ABS and PLA filaments available in 1.75mm and 3.0mm diameter. <br> All filaments are available per 1kg spool '''(€26.45)''' <br> Colours available: Black, White, Red, Blue, Yellow, Transparent, Green, Grey. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/wood-1.75mm-3mm/laywoo-d3.html LAYWOO-D3] wooden filament available per 250 grams coil for '''€20.95'''. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/nylon-1.75mm-3mm/taulman-618.html Taulman 618] Nylon filament available for '''€34.94''' per 450 grams spool. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/eco-flexible-pla-1.75mm-3mm/black.html Flexible PLA] Flex EcoPLA filament available for '''€34.94''' per 500 grams spool. <br> <br>Worldwide shipping!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.igo3d.com iGo3D] <br> <br> [[File:logo_igo3dx250.png]] || From Germany|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman 3D 645 Nylon]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || '''23€/kg''' for PLA and ABS, '''26€/450g''' for Taulman Nylon|| <br> '''First Reseller of Taulman Nylon 3D 618 Nylon in Germany''' [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-618-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for '''€26.00 per 450 grams spool.''' <br> <br> Also Taulman Nylon 3D 645 Nylon [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-645-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for €26.00 per 450 grams spool. <br> <br>Located in Oldenburg, Germany<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.imprimante3dfrance.com imprimante3DFrance.com] || From France|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || 24,90€/kg || Located near Paris<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.inventables.com/categories/materials/3d-printer-filament Inventables] || From Chicago, USA || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || from $39.00/kg || Large color selection (24 colors) of ABS & PLA in stock with worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://thinglab.com.au/index.php/shop Inition/Thinglab] || From Australia|| [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] || From $29/kg || We stock MakerBot official material and also Australian made ABS & PLA filament.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://shop.grrf.de/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=82_83 German RepRap Foundation] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €34 /kg ABS <br> €35 - 40/kg PLA || On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping. Soft PLA<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.jet-filament.com/ Jet Filament] || From USA|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]] [[HIPS]] || $42/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsJet|Reviews]]-<br>Also sells prime-eligible on Amazon.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://justpla.com/ JustPLA] || From USA|| [[PLA]] || $37/kg PLA || -[[justpla|Reviews]]-<br> On kg spool. Free Shipping. Any color. Bulk discounts. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/kbellenterprises/ KBell] || From USA|| [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $28/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsKBell|Reviews]]-<br>Selection of about 4 colors, free shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic.html Makerbot] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $43 - 55/kg ($21 - $27/lb) ABS <br> $43 /kg ($21 /lb) PLA || None<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makerfarm.com/ MakerFarm] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 39/kg ($13.8/lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsMakerFarm|Reviews]]-<br>Most orders ship same day, Worldwide, [http://www.makerfarm.com/index.php/abs-filament.html], ABS, PLA, 1.75mm, 3mm, 1kg Spool, 5lb Spools, Many colors plus Glow in the Dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makergear.com/products/filament MakerGear] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $35 /kg ($17 /lb) || Sold in 1lb (0.5kg) rolls. Red, Blue, Green, Black, White, Orange, Pink & Purple<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/3d-printer-filament MatterHackers] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Laywoo-D3]]|| From $35/kg - FREE US SHIPPING ($16/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMatterHackers|Reviews]]-<br>Orders shipped USPS Priority mail, often same day. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/pla-filament/1-75mm-filament.html Mendel-Parts.com] || From EU || [[PLA]] <br>& soon [[ABS]] || €27 - 29/kg || 6 colors<br/>Worldwide shipping with UPS - 3days max<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.net Mexhibit3Druck] [[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Germany || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| > €21/ kg || 11 colors<br/>EU shipping, shipping upon 4,9 EUR - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.ch Mexhibit][[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| >sFr 35/kg || 11 colors<br/>Swiss shipping, shipping upon 6 CHF - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://mixshop.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=23 Mixshop] || From Canada || [[PLA]] || $30 - 35/kg || Black, Blue, White<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.octave.com/ABS-Filament/c123457117/index.html Octave Systems] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark|| Available in standard, fluorescent and glow-in-the-dark. Single reels or 2 and 4 reel packs. Colors include natural, white, black, blue, brown, gold, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, and yellow.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohin.cz ohin.cz] || From Czech (EU) || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || 650CZK/kg || Variety of colors, on 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohioplasticsandsafetyproducts.com Ohio Plastics] || From Akron, OH || [[ABS]] || $13/lb || ABS. Available in 1-10lb spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ordsolutions.com/SearchResults.asp?Cat=1819 ORD Solutions][[File:Filament_colours_200px.jpg]] || From '''Canada''' || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $29CAD/kg || natural, white, black, red, blue, yellow, green, orange, purple, pink, grey, brown, glow in dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.ozreprap.com Oz Reprap Supplies] || From Australia || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $30/kg || 2.5kg roll. Red ABS, natural ABS & PLA.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.pieces-reprap.com Paoparts] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || €23 - 29/kg || In 1kg or 1,5kg roll, many colors<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastic2print.com Plastic2Print] [[File:Plastic2Print_Logo-3.jpg| 210px|top|Plastic2Print]]|| From the Netherlands ||[[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman 618]], [[Taulman 645]], [[PET]], [[PVA]], [[Flex polyester]] || €21-50/kg || Complete range of 1.75mm 3D printing filaments from regular [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=126 ABS]] and [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=129 PLA]] to [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=189 Nylon/Polyamid]]. Our portfolio includes high tech materials like strong and lightweight [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=202 PET]], flexible Polyester [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=125 FPE]], water soluble [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=127 PVA]] and woodlike [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=201 LayWood]].<br />
<br />
<br>Sold on 0.25 0.5 1.5, 2.0 or 2.3 kg/spool; UPS Worldwide (Express) Shipping<br><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.protoparadigm.com/ ProtoParadigm] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $38.50 / 2LB || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoParadigm|Reviews]]-<br>Better Results with Industry Leading Quality <br> Education Pricing <br> Amazing Colors on 2LB, 5LB 10LB spools <br> Custom Work Available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ultimachine.com/catalog/print-materials UltiMachine] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $20 - 34/lb ($44 - 75/kg) || Guaranteed satisfaction, wide selection of colors/materials/packaging, worldwide shipping - Free Samples! <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.usbcopiers.com/abs-1-75mm-filament.html USBCopiers] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark || ABS 1.75mm plastic filament for Reprap, MakerBot, Ultimaker, PrintrBot and UP! 3D Printers. Available in 17 vivid colors including fluorescent and Glow in the Dark.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.replicatorwarehouse.com Replicator Warehouse (Online / London Store) ] || From UK (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.95/kg ABS or PLA <br> £34.95 Glow in the dark PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsReplicatorWarehouse|Reviews]]-<br>1kg rolls 3mm and 1.75mm in stock (blue, red, white, green, yasmin green, orange, pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.me '''RepRap.me'''] [[File:Colors.jpg]] || From Denmark || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $29/kg || 23 different colors and many specials (1kg spools)<br />
ABS and PLA in plain vivid colors in stock: Black, Blue, Brown, Gold, Green, Grey, Nature, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Silver, White, Wood, Yellow and Transparent. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green); Temperature sensitive Filament (Green-->Yellow/Gray-->White/Purple-->Pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprapbcn.com RepRapBCN] || From Barcelona (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €16/kg PLA & ABS <br> || 1 and 2,3 Kg rolls 3mm & 1,75mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.repraper.com Repraper Tech] (aka RepRap-walmart) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $14~16 /kg 1kg/spool(can be customization), within 1 week delivery|| -[[FilamentReviewsRepRaper|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://RepRapKit.com RepRapKit.com] || From UK || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || from £18.78/kg inc Discount || Premium quality on spool. Limited stocks at present. Wide range of colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapsource.com/en/shop/list/220 Reprapsource] || From Germany || [[PLA]] || €40 /kg || Natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://rp3d.com rp3d.com] || From China || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $15 /kg || many colors, Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://seacans.com SeaCans.com] [[File:Single_Multi_Roll_21380.1356289418.120.120.jpg ]]|| From Canada || [[ABS]] || $24.99 for (1kg) ABS Spools, $54.99 for 2kg/8 colors value pack "Rainbow Pack" || Many colors of ABS in stock. 1.75mm Rainbow Pack colors pre-rolled onto spools ready to use right out of the box. Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Black White. Ships from Canada. Will ship from US soon. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://SeeMeCNC.com SeeMeCNC] || From USA || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]]<br>[[Taulman 618]]<br>[[Taulman 645]] || $39 for 2# (1kg) ABS Spools, $24 for 1# Taulman 618 Spools || Many colors of ABS in stock. Taulman Nylon in BOTH 1.75mm AND 3mm. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.sainsmart.com/other-1/3d-priting-material.html SainSmart 3D Priting.] || From US,Germany,UK,China || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $40/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3ddynamix Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>Sold by the Kg. Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red. Free Shipping to USA, $5 to other countries. <Personal experience> The white PLA I orderd from SainSmart was of low quality. It had bulges that jammed my extruder and did not work well when printed below ~48 mm/sec, making it unsutable of single prints of small objects. Would not buy again. </Personal experience><br />
|-<br />
| [http://supply3dpla.com Supply3DPLA.com] || From SWEDEN || [[PLA]] || €19.5 for 1.0 kg and very likely €39 for 2.3 Kg translucent soon || We are expanding to '''Black, Red, Green. White, Yellow, Blue, Purple, Orange''' and '''Silver''' as standard in standard assortment. More to come. Extensive testing done by our testers and by us who also are active in 3D printing ourself! TRANSLUCENT filament supplier is set, we will be selling from a second source soon! Now we also have sale by the meter.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://toybuilderlabs.com ToybuilderLabs.com] || From USA (CA) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || Most items $42 for 1.0 kg. || -[[FilamentReviewsToybuilderlabs|Reviews]]-<br>PLA available in 15 colors. ABS available in 13 colors. Spooled on wider-diameter spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.pp3dp.com/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=3&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=37&vmcchk=1&Itemid=37 PP3DP] || From China || [[ABS]] || $44 /kg ($23 /lb) + $12 Shipping)|| Sold as 2x700g=3.1lb rolls. White<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.villageplastics.com Village Plastics]<br />[[File:VillagePlastics-3DPrint_RGB.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[HIPS]] || Call for quote || Great selection of colors including Glow in the Dark! <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.voxelfactory.com Voxel Factory] || From Canada || [[ColorFabb PLA/PHA compound]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Taulman Nylon 645]] || $31-42/kg || Yellow, Green, Red, Orange, Black, White, '''Glowing Green and Glowing Blue''' 1Kg spool<br /> Check our new [http://www.voxelfactory.com/collections/colorfabb-1-75mm-filament-on-spool ColorFabb 1.75mm filament]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.weistek.net/?q=node/12 WeisTek.net] || From China || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel || In 1kg and 2.3kg roll. many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/wtuymqve/ wtuymqve] (Xin Yu Da Plastic) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $42/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsXinYuDa|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapteile.de/filament/pla.html?___store=en Reprapteile] || Germany || [[PLA]] || we sell by the meter - from 0,09 €/m <br> 33-37 €/kg || 17 Colors, Laywoo-d3 and Nylon 618<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==3mm diameter filament==<br />
<br />
''Please keep the tables in alphabetical order.''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''3mm dia filament'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /kg !! [[FilamentReviewsNewCompanyTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.2printbeta.de 2PrintBeta] || From Germany || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $41-59/kg €32-46/kg £27-38/kg || -[[FilamentReviews2PrintBeta|Reviews]]-<br>In 100 m and 300m roll. Many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available. <br />
<br />
Avoid. 3mm filament diameter variability is 2.85mm to 3.3mm, the translucent green had some sort of seeds in it causing jams. Translucent blue is filled with bubbles. Contacted 2printbeta but mail went unanswered.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d2print.net 3D2PRINT - Creating the 3rd dimension][[File:3d2print.jpg]] || From Germany and Denmark to Worldwide || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || from €16,76/kg ex VAT. ||43 variants in stock for immediate shipping. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/abs/ ABS] and [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/pla/ PLA] in plain vivid colors: Black, Blue, Gold, Green, Grey, Orange, Red, Pink, Purple, Transparent, Silver, White and Yellow a.o. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green/Yellow/Red); Temperature sensitive Filament (Blue green to Yellow green/Dark gray to white/Purple to pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
Great discounts available on [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/kits/ Saver Packs].<br />
<br />
Professional shipping to worldwide destinations.<br />
<br />
EU VAT exemption for business customers and outside EU. <br />
<br />
[http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/astm/ ASTM test results] available. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/ul-94-test-results/ UL-94 HB] compliant. Need to identify if its ABS or PLA you got in your hands? [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/filament-burn-test/ Filament Burn Test].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3ddynamics.co.uk 3D Dynamix Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || From £30/kg <br> £0.30/meter || -[[FilamentReviews3ddynamix Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>UK supplier, Sold by the Kg and by the meter. A top Quality supply of coloured PLA and ABS. Low cost delivery.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3distributed.com/products/taulman-3d-nylon-618 3Distibuted] || From UK to Worldwide || Taulman 618 Nylon || £28/lb || Next day Shipping. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dkarma.com 3DKarma] || From UK || [[PLA]] || from £18.11/kg ex tax || Black, blue, red, green, yellow, white, grey, silver, glow-in-the-dark and natural (translucent) available in 1.0kg and 2.3kg spools. Constantly expanding colour and product range (PLA, ABS and PVA).<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmakerworld.com/plastic-filament 3D Maker World] [[File:3DMakerWorld.png]] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $42 for 1kg, $40 for 2kg <br> (SUMMER SALE till 8/31/2013: <br>$35.70 for 1kg, $68 for 2kg) || NatureWorks IngeoTM 4043D PLA. (Note: NatureWorks and IngeoTM are trademarks or registered trademarks of NatureWorks LLC.) <br> Premium quality. Made in the USA. Shipping Worldwide.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprintergear.com.au 3DPrinterGear] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || AU$40-59/kg Free shipping || -[[FilamentReviews3DPrinterGear|Reviews]]-<br>Available in 1kg spools. natural, clear, Crysta-Line blue/yellow/red, white, green, yellow, purple, orange, red, pink, blue, black, grey, glow in dark blue.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dprinterhub.com/3d-printer-store/3d-print-materials 3D Printer Hub] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || $30/kg || 1kg spools: white, black, red, blue, natural, yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprinterstuff.com/shop/page/4?shop_param= 3D Printer Stuff] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $29/kg €23/kg £19/kg ||-[[FilamentReviews3DPrinterStuff.com|Reviews]]- <br />
Available in 1lb (0.5kg), 2lb (1kg), and 5lb (2.5kg) spools. Colors : Red, orange, yellow, green, olive, sky blue, navy blue, purple, rust, white, natural, black.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dtec.ch 3dtec.ch] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || > 34 sFr/kg excl. tax || Natureworks PLA, ABS more than 20 different types and colours like blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark, conductive,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.a2aprinter.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=25 A2APrinter] || From Canada || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $36 - 38/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsA2APrinter|Reviews]]-<br>White, Yellow, Black<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=sr_nr_p_4_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A3006902011%2Cp_4%3AJet+3D&bbn=3006902011&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1360684583&rnid=3189287011 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Canada] || Free shipping within Canada || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.fr/s/ref=sr_nr_p_6_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A192419031%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09&bbn=192419031&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194579&rnid=193648031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon France] || From France to all EU countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.de/s/ref=sr_nr_p_6_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A192416031%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09&bbn=192416031&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351114241&rnid=193506031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Germany] || From Germany to all EU countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=sr_nr_p_76_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A560798%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09%2Cp_76%3A419159031&bbn=560798&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1347553808&rnid=419157031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon UK] || From UK to all European Countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_nr_p_n_availability_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A16310091%2Cp_4%3A3D+Printer+Supplies&bbn=16310091&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194507 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon] || From USA || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $18-35/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg/1.5kg spool rod. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. Immediate shipping from USA. Worldwide shipping. Free shipping possible through Amazon Fullfill Prime. Return allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [mailto:sder4552@usyd.edu.au Australia 3D Printer Supplies] || From Australia || [[ABS]] || $22/kg (AUD)|| -[[FilamentReviewsAustralia 3D Printer Supplies|Reviews]]-<br>Available in 1.5kg spools. Colors : Black, Red, Orange, Blue. Ships from Australia. Website: https://sites.google.com/site/australian3dprinters/3d-printer-filament Local pickup available from Sydney.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.bcndynamics.com/en/7-plastics BCNdynamics] || From Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || €29,5/kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsBCNdynamics|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg rolls. PLA and ABS 3mm in different colors <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/catalog/materials Bits From Bytes] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[HDPE]], [[LDPE]], [[PLA]], [[PP]], [[uPVC]] ||$62-73/kg €49-57/kg £40-47/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsBits From Bytes|Reviews]]-<br>In 1kg or 2kg rolls depending on material<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.buy3dink.com/ Buy 3D Ink] || From USA || [[ABS]] <br> [[PLA]]|| $12-35/kg €10-28/kg £8-23/kg ABS <br> $20-35/kg €16-27/kg £13-23/kg PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsBuy 3D Ink|Reviews]]-<br>Black, orange, green, clear<br />
|-<br />
| [http://botmill.com/index.php/materials.html BotMill] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $33/kg €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsBotMill|Reviews]]-<br>Min 1lb (0.5kg) order. Worldwide shipping <br> Large variety of low-cost colored ABS and PLA<br>Terra Cotta, Orange, Light Blue, Olive Drab, Dark Grey<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.bio-bp.com/e_productshow/?50-PLA-3mm-3D-filament-50.html Bio-BP] || From China|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg <br> (+$5-10/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentReviewsBio-BP|Reviews]]-<br>Yellow, Green, Red<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.cd-writer.com/3dprinting.php CD-writer.com] || From UK || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €26/kg £22/kg 1kg/spool||-[[FilamentReviewsCD-writer.com|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink, Glow in the Dark, More) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink, Glow in the Dark, More). All of our product is held in our London based warehouse, available to collect of next day delivery. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.charlies3dtechnologies.eu/Filament/cat1675912_1795848.aspx Charlie's 3D Technologies] || From Belgium (BEL) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €26/kg <br> ||- / -<br> White/Black/Blue/Yellow/Green/Nuclear Green/Red/...<br />
|-<br />
| [http://colorfabb.com ColorFabb] || Netherland || PLA/PHA || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| [http://croxwordz.blogspot.com Croxword] || From Taiwan || [[ABS]] || $17/kg €14/kg £11/kg <br> (+$14 Shipping)||-[[FilamentReviewsCroxword|Reviews]]-<br> White/Black/Blue/Yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://czechreprap.eu czechreprap.eu] || From Czech (EU) || [[ABS]] || $20/kg €15/kg £12/kg || -[[FilamentReviews|Reviews]]-<br>White / Black / Blue / Green / Red / Orange / Green<br />
|-<br />
| [http://diamondage.co.nz/pla.html Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || From NZ || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], IMPLA, HIPLA, HIPS, PETG etc. || NZ$33/kg $26/kg €21/kg £17/kg PLA <br> NZ$50/kg $39/kg €31/kg £26/kg ABS <br> Shipping : $10 to NZ (shipping + GST), ~NZ20$ per roll to Europe/US, less to Australia. || -[[FilamentReviewsDiamond Age Solutions Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>~0.8kg for a 100 meter roll. Spools avail. Many colours, metallic fx & luminous + parts. 11th roll is free<br/>Contact vik [at] diamondage.co.nz<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.easysolid.com Easysolid] || From Barcelona, Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 21€/kg PLA&ABS || 1kg. Spools. Different colors available. Low shipping costs.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.eckertech.com EckerTech Inc.] || From Canada || [[ABS]] || $75 per 5lb spool || 3mm ABS (Natural, Black, Green, Blue, Red, Silver, Yellow)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap-france eMotion Tech] || From France || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $32/kg €24.90/kg £20.7/kg || -[[FilamentReviewseMotion Tech|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg roll. Red / White / Black mixed sets are available. Low shipping costs.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://esun.en.alibaba.com/product/472333729-212653045/productdetail.html Esun, Alibaba]|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg €11-15 £9-13/kg <br> (+$5-8/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentEsunplaReviews|Reviews]]-<br>black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabber-parts.de/shop fabber-parts] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20~24 /kg 1kg/spool|| -[[FilamentReviewsfabber-parts|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabberworld.com fabberworld.com] || From Switzerland || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €29 /kg 1kg/spool||-[[FilamentReviewsfabberworld.com|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/ Faberdashery Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]] || Sold by the meter - From £0.26/m <br> ~$37-50/kg ~€29-39/kg £24-32/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsFaberdashery Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>An emporium of colored PLA, sold by the meter or in 100m coils <br> Pack with 10m of 10 colors also available (£30) [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/print-materials/rainbow-fun-pack/ Rainbow Fun Pack]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://fabricationsofthemind.com/shop/abs/ Fabrications Of The Mind] || From UK || [[ABS]] || £20 /kg for 1kg <br> £16 /kg for 2kg (£31.95) <br> £13 /kg for 5kg (£64.95) ||-[[FilamentReviewsFabrications Of The Mind|Reviews]]-<br>Stocks getting very low. Wide range of spooled premium quality in various colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://filamentprint.com/ FilamentPrint Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Bespoke materials]] || £18/100m || -[[FilamentReviewsFilamentPrint Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>UK manufactured, Sold by the Reel and shorter lengths. A Quality supply of colored PLA and ABS. Now using a low cost carrier to keep the cost economical. Direct to public of OEM grade, own brand material.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.formfutura.com Formfutura] <br> <br> [[File:Official_logo_FormFutura-small.jpg]]|| From Netherlands || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Flexible PLA]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || Spool-wrapped for '''€26.45/kg''' || -[[FilamentReviewsFormfutura|Reviews]]-<br> Premium quality ABS and PLA filaments available in 1.75mm and 3.0mm diameter. <br> All filaments are available per 1kg spool '''(€26.45)''' <br> Colours available: Black, White, Red, Blue, Yellow, Transparent, Green, Grey. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/wood-1.75mm-3mm/laywoo-d3.html LAYWOO-D3] wooden filament available per 250 grams coil for '''€20.95'''. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/nylon-1.75mm-3mm/taulman-618.html Taulman 618] Nylon filament available for '''€34.94''' per 450 grams spool. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/eco-flexible-pla-1.75mm-3mm/black.html Flexible PLA] Flex EcoPLA filament available for '''€34.94''' per 500 grams spool. <br> <br>Worldwide shipping!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.igo3d.com iGo3D] <br> <br> [[File:logo_igo3dx250.png]] || From Germany|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman 3D 645 Nylon]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || '''23€/kg''' for PLA and ABS, '''26€/450g''' for Taulman Nylon|| <br> '''First Reseller of Taulman Nylon 3D 618 Nylon in Germany''' [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-618-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for '''€26.00 per 450 grams spool.''' <br> <br> Also Taulman Nylon 3D 645 Nylon [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-645-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for €26.00 per 450 grams spool. <br> <br>Located in Oldenburg, Germany<br />
|-<br />
| [https://grrf.de/de/catalog/verbrauchsmaterial German RepRap GmbH] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PS]] [[Wood]]|| €25-€34/kg : €55-€75 for 2.2kg PLA <br> €22.73/kg : €50 for 2.2kg ABS || -[[FilamentReviewsGerman RepRap Foundation|Reviews]]-<br> On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping. Also have soft PLA<br />
|-<br />
| [http://thefutureis3d.com/node/113 Future is 3D, The] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || Sold by the Reel - $33/kg || -[[FilamentReviews Future is 3D, The|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://gadgets3d.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=60 GADGETS3D.com] || From Poland (EU) || [[PLA]] || $29.99 USD/kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsGADGETS3D.com|Reviews]]-<br> On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://handmadecircuits.com Handmade Circuits] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $40-$50 per 100m coil, $45 ten color sample pack || -[[FilamentReviewsHandmade Circuits|Reviews]]-<br>Many Assorted Colors, currently running $35 Sample Pack Special <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ic3dprinters.com IC3D] || From Ohio, USA || [[ABS]] || from $17.50 per lb ($38.50 per kg) || -[[FilamentReviews_IC3D|Reviews]]-<br> Clear, Natural, Black, Red, Orange, Blue, Green ABS in 2lb spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.imprimante3dfrance.com imprimante3DFrance.com] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || 24,20€/kg || Located near Paris<br />
|-<br />
| [http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=171016498252 KBell Enterprises] || From Missouri, USA || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $28/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsKBell|Reviews]]-<br>Black, White, Red, Blue, Fluorescent Yellow. Free shipping in the US.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://kdipolymerspecialists.co.uk KDI Polymer Specialist Ltd] <br> [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=KDI&index=electronics-uk&search-type=ss KDI @ Amazon] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.75 - 34.00/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsKDI Polymer Specialist Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>1kg reel. Translucent green, red and blue, all standard colours available bespoke colours on request <br> All with Free UK Shipping, trade enquiries welcome.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.kentstrapper.blogspot.com Kent's Strapper] || From Italy (EU) || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €45 , a partire da 45€ ||-[[FilamentReviewsKent's Strapper|Reviews]]-<br>colori standard e ricercati, many colours<br />
|-<br />
| [http://lybina.com/ Lybina Pty Ltd] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[HDPE]], [[PP]], [[PVC]] || $32 /kg ($16 /lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsLybina Pty Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>50 meter Coil (~1lb) and Bagged + GST + Transport. Contact Through Website [http://lybina.com/contact-us.html Lybina Contact Us Page] <br> Credit Card Facilities Available<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.lulzbot.com/?q=catalog/plastic-filament LulzBot] || From USA and UK || [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Polycarbonate]]|| $45 /kg ($20 /lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsLulzbot|Reviews]]-<br>Now carrying Laywoo-D3 Wood Filament and Taulman 618 Nylon filament <br> 15 different color options for ABS including Glow In The Dark. <br> Multiple payment options available. <br> Ships from the US and the UK with Ground or Expedited shipping<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic.html Makerbot] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]] || $43 - 55/kg ($21 - $28/lb) ABS <br> $43 /kg ($21 /lb) PLA <br> $32 /lb ($64/kg) PVA|| -[[FilamentReviewsMakerbot|Reviews]]-<br>Ships same day, Worldwide, [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic/1-75mm-filament.html 1.75mm] [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic/3mm-filament.html 3mm], Lots of colors and variety, high tolerance, custom manufactured. Fluorescent too!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makerfarm.com/ MakerFarm] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 39/kg ($13.8/lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsMakerFarm|Reviews]]-<br>Most orders ship same day, Worldwide, [http://www.makerfarm.com/index.php/abs-filament.html], ABS, PLA, 1.75mm, 3mm, 1kg Spool, 5lb Spools, Many colors plus Glow in the Dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makergear.com/products/filament MakerGear] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 50/kg ($15 - 25/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMakerGear|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/3d-printer-filament MatterHackers] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Laywoo-D3]]|| From $35/kg + FREE US SHIPPING ($16/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMatterHackers|Reviews]]-<br>Orders shipped USPS Priority mail, often same day.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/pla-filament/3mm-filament.html Mendel-Parts.com] || From Netherlands || [[PLA]]<br> & soon [[ABS]] || €25 - 27/kg PLA || -[[FilamentReviewsMendel-Parts.com|Reviews]]-<br>6 colors <br> Worldwide shipping with UPS - 3days max<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.net Mexhibit3Druck] [[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Germany || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| > €21/ kg || 11 colors<br/>EU shipping, shipping upon 4,9 EUR - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.ch Mexhibit][[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| >sFr 35/kg || 11 colors<br/>Swiss shipping, shipping upon 6 CHF - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.newimageplastic.com New Image Plastics] <br> [http://www.plasticweldingrod.com/ Plastic welding rod] <br> [http://www.3dprinterfilament.com/ 3D Printer Filament] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PVC]], [[HDPE]], [[PLA]] || $16 /kg ($8 /lb) ABS || -[[FilamentReviewsNew Image Plastics|Reviews]]- <br>Min 10lb (~5kg) order. Delivery on small orders tends to take several weeks <br> Call Donna at +1 (330) 854-3010 and tell them Forrest or RepRap sent you <br> Apparently, they do not sell PLA (8/29/11: Donna said they don't stock it) but can extrude PLA supplied by a customer. .<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohin.cz ohin.cz] || From Czech (EU) || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || 650CZK/kg || Variety of colors, on 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.onlinefilament.com/ Online Filament] || From USA || [[ABS]]. [[PLA]]|| $42/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsOnlineFilament|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.orbi-tech.de/shop/Plastic-Welding-Rod:::30.html Orbi-Tech] || From Germany || [[ABS]], [[ASA]], [[PA]], [[PC]], [[PE]], [[PLA]], [[PP]], [[PS]], [[TPE]] || ??? || -[[FilamentReviews_Orbi-Tech|Reviews]]-<br>Not all materials are available in 3mm though. (''and Hey.. Got a drillpress? Make your own hotend, change a filament dia. setting in your slicer, print (hopefully) and share your knowledge on the wiki!'')<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ordsolutions.com/SearchResults.asp?Cat=1819 ORD Solutions][[File:Filament_colours_200px.jpg]] || From '''Canada''' || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $29CAD/kg || natural, white, black, red, blue, yellow, green, orange, purple, pink, grey, brown, glow in dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.ozreprap.com Oz Reprap Supplies] || From Australia || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $30 / kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsOz Reprap Supplies|Reviews]]-<br> 1kg and 2.5kg rolls. Many colours.<br />
|- <br />
| [http://www.pieces-reprap.fr Paoparts] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]]|| €24 /kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsPaoparts|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg or 1,5kg roll. Many Colors 3mm and 1.75mm<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastic2print.com Plastic2Print] [[File:Plastic2Print_Logo-3.jpg| 210px|top|Plastic2Print]]|| From the Netherlands ||[[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman 618]], [[Taulman 645]], [[PET]], [[PVA]], [[Flex polyester]] || €21-50/kg || Complete range of 3mm 3D printing filaments from regular [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=126 ABS]] and [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=129 PLA]] to [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=189 Nylon/Polyamid]]. Our portfolio includes high tech materials like strong and lightweight [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=202 PET]], flexible Polyester [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=125 FPE]], water soluble [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=127 PVA]] and woodlike [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=201 LayWood]].<br />
<br />
<br>Sold on 0.25 0.5 1.5, 2.0 or 2.3 kg/spool; UPS Worldwide (Express) Shipping<br><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastireal.com.br Plastireal] || From Brazil || [[PVC]] [[HDPE]] [[PP]] || R$20 /kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPlastireal|Reviews]]-<br>São Paulo store<br />
|-<br />
| [http://printallthethings.com Print All the Things!!!] || From Spain || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || 18 € / kg || Lots of colors!! Fast shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://shop.printbl.com printbl.com] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $48 / kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPrint Plastic|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.printplastic.eu/ Print Plastic] || From EU || [[PLA]] || 26.96 € / kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPrint Plastic|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.protoparadigm.com/ ProtoParadigm] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $38.50 / 2LB || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoParadigm|Reviews]]-<br>Better Results with Industry Leading Quality <br> Education Pricing <br> Amazing Colors on 2LB, 5LB 10LB spools <br> Custom Work Available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/protoprinter ProtoPrinter] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $28/kg + $13 shipping || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoPrinter|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://prototyp3d.com.au Prototyp3d] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $30/kg || Discounts offered to members of HSBNE, or just whoever goes to the tuesday open nights. Contact us on skype at prototyp3d<br />
|-<br />
| [http://qdtsd.en.alibaba.com/productgrouplist-210256164/Plastic_Welding_rods.html#products Qingdao TSD Plastic Co., Ltd.] || From China || [[ABS]] [[HDPE]] [[PE]] [[PP]] [[PVC]] || ? || -[[FilamentReviews Qingdao TSD Plastic Co|Reviews]]-<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.replicatorwarehouse.com Replicator Warehouse (Online / London Store) ] || From UK (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.95/kg ABS or PLA <br> £34.95 Glow in the dark PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsReplicatorWarehouse|Reviews]]-<br>1kg rolls 3mm and 1.75mm in stock (blue, red, white, green, yasmin green, orange, pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.cc RepRap Austria] || From Austria (EU) || [[ABS]] || €19,99/kg ABS <br> || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapAustria|Reviews]]-<br>2kg rolls 3mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow,white)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.me '''RepRap.me'''] [[File:Colors.jpg]] || From Denmark || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $29/kg || 23 different colors and many specials (1kg spools)<br />
ABS and PLA in plain vivid colors in stock: Black, Blue, Brown, Gold, Green, Grey, Nature, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Silver, White, Wood, Yellow and Transparent. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green); Temperature sensitive Filament (Green-->Yellow/Gray-->White/Purple-->Pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprapbcn.com RepRapBCN] || From Barcelona (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €16/kg PLA & ABS <br> || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapBCN|Reviews]]-<br>1 and 2,3 kg rolls 3mm & 1,75mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow, white, blue)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapcentral.com RepRapCentral.com] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £30 - 36/kg 5lb spool <br> £30 - 66/kg 1lb coil || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapCentral.com|Reviews]]-<br>Black/White ABS, Premium/Translucent PLA, Translucent Green, Translucent Blue, Orange, Purple, Yellow, Red, Bright Blue and a striking lime green. Next Day Shipping! (where stated), Worldwide shipping. [http://www.reprapcentral.com All Filaments]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapsource.com/en/shop/list/198 RepRapSource] || From Germany || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || €24 - 30/kg ABS <br> €29 - 32 /kg PLA ||-[[FilamentReviewsRepRapSource|Reviews]]-<br> For a 5lb roll. Different colours available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://RepRapKit.com RepRapKit.com] || From UK || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || from £18.78/kg inc Discount || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapKit.com|Reviews]]-<br>Premium quality on spool. Limited stocks at present. Wide range of colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.repraper.com Repraper Tech] (aka RepRap-walmart) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $14~16 /kg 1kg/spool(can be customization), within 1 week delivery|| -[[FilamentReviewsRepRaper|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://reprapworld.com/?searchresults&cPath=1590 RepRapWorld] || From Netherlands || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20 /kg (9.98 for a 500g coil)||-[[FilamentReviewsRepRapWorld|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Blue, Red, Black, Yellow) ABS (Black, White)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://rp3d.com rp3d.com] || From China || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $15 /kg || many colors, Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://seemecnc.com SeeMeCNC] || From USA || [[PLA]]<br>[[Taulman 618]]<br>[[Taulman 645 soon]] || $39 for 2# (1Kg) spools of ABS/PLA, $24 for 618 and $32 for 645 Taulman<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [http://supply3dpla.com Supply3DPLA.com] || From Sweden || [[PLA]] || €39 for 2.5Kg spool or €15.6 / Kg <br> we also have odd PLA from €12/Kg || -[[FilamentReviewsSupply3dPla|Reviews]]-<br> We are expanding to '''Black, Red, Green. Yellow, White, Blue, Puprle, Orange''' and '''Silver''' as standard in standard assortment. More to come. We also have our own testers as well as we are active in 3D printing our selfs.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://taulman3d.com taulman3d] || US || [[Polyamide]] (aka "[[Wikipedia:Nylon|Nylon]]")|| $19.75 á 1 pound (.45kg) & Shipping || -[[FilamentReviews_taulman3d|Reviews]]-<br> Polyamides prints can easily be coloured with standard fabric dyes (textile and paper acid based dyes). <br />
|- <br />
| Tianjin Wallbosen Industrial Co., Ltd || ?? || [[ABS]]|| ?? || -[[FilamentReviewsTianjin Wallbosen Industrial Co., Ltd|Reviews]]-<br />
|-<br />
| [http://toybuilderlabs.com ToybuilderLabs.com] || From USA (CA) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || Most items $42 for 1.0 kg. || -[[FilamentReviewsToybuilderlabs|Reviews]]-<br>PLA available in 15 colors. ABS available in 13 colors. Spooled on wider diameter spools to avoid tight coils.<br />
|- <br />
| [http://www.ultibots.com/filament.html Ultibots] || From USA || [[ABS]]|| $40 - 48/kg ($18 - $22/lb) ABS|| -[[FilamentReviews_Ultibots|Reviews]]-<br>Lots of colors, high tolerance, manufactured in USA. Fluorescent too!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ultimachine.com/catalog/print-materials UltiMachine] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $15 - $34 /lb ($33 - $75 /kg) || -[[FilamentReviewsUltimachine.com|Reviews]]-<br>Guaranteed satisfaction, wide selection of colors/materials/packaging, worldwide shipping - Free Samples!<br />
|-<br />
| [https://shop.ultimaker.com/en/consumables.html Ultimaker Shop] || From Netherlands (EU) || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], flexPLA || €28 - 41/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsUltimaker Shop|Reviews]]-<br>In 750g and 2.3 kg reels. We offer many different colors of high quality filament. All offered material are tested extensively.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.villageplastics.com Village Plastics]<br />[[File:VillagePlastics-3DPrint_RGB.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[HIPS]] || Call for quote || Great selection of colors including Glow in the Dark!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.voxelfactory.com Voxel Factory] || From Canada || [[ColorFabb PLA/PHA Compound]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Taulman Nylon 645]] || $27-42/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsVoxel Factory|Reviews]]-<br>Silver, Yellow, Green, Red, Orange, Black, White, '''Glowing Green and Glowing Blue''' 1Kg spool<br /> Check our new [http://www.voxelfactory.com/collections/colorfabb-3mm-filament-on-spool ColorFabb PLA/PHA 3mm filament]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.weistek.net/?q=node/8 WeisTek.net] || From China || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel || -[[FilamentReviewsWeisTek.net|Reviews]]-<br>Expensive shipping ($42) In 1KG and 2.5kg roll. Many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available<br />
|-<br />
| [https://kd85.com/makerbot.html Wim-kd85.com] || From Belgium (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €20 - 32/kg ABS <br> €26 /kg PLA || -[[FilamentReviewsWim-kd85.com|Reviews]]-<br>5lb rolls<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapteile.de/filament/pla.html?___store=en Reprapteile] || Germany || [[PLA]] || we sell by the meter - from 0,26 €/m <br> 33-37 €/kg || 17 Colors, Laywoo-d3 and Nylon 618<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Photopolymers - Resin=<br />
<br />
''Please keep the tables in alphabetical order.''<br />
<br />
==Photopolymers - Resin UV Cured==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''Photopolymers UV 385nm'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /L !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bucktownpolymers.com/polymer00.html Bucktown Polymers] || From USA || Several || $35 and up/kg || Quarts/Gallons/5Gal Pails/55Gal Drums. Process colors, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, White and many custom colors and effects.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Photopolymers - Visible Spectrum Cured==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''Photopolymers Visible Spectrum Cured'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /L !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bucktownpolymers.com/polymer00.html Bucktown Polymers] || From USA || Several || $35 and up/kg || Quarts/Gallons/5Gal Pails/55Gal Drums. Process colors, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, White and many custom colors and effects.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=External resources=<br />
[http://www.3ders.org/pricecompare 3ders filament pricecomparison page]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Suppliers]]<br />
[[category:thermoplastic]]<br />
[[category:material]]<br />
[[category:photopolymers]]<br />
[[category:resin]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Printing_Material_Suppliers&diff=95939Printing Material Suppliers2013-06-14T22:05:48Z<p>VikOlliver: Undo revision 95938 by VikOlliver (Talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Suppliers_by_Part]]<br />
<br />
=Filament=<br />
<br />
Below is a table listing suppliers of filament. <br />
* Costs are only approximate and are likely to change.<br />
* Always check before ordering, and if you can, update this page. <br />
* If there are any missing fields in the table, please feel free to update.<br />
<br />
* But most of all '''''review your supplier'''''!!''<br />
<br />
==1.75mm diameter filament==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''1.75mm dia filament'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /kg !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d2print.net 3D2PRINT - Creating the 3rd dimension][[File:3d2print.jpg]] || From Germany and Denmark to Worldwide || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || from €16,76/kg ex VAT. ||43 variants in stock for immediate shipping. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/abs/ ABS] and [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/pla/ PLA] in plain vivid colors: Black, Blue, Gold, Green, Grey, Orange, Red, Pink, Purple, Transparent, Silver, White and Yellow a.o. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green/Yellow/Red); Temperature sensitive Filament (Blue green to Yellow green/Dark gray to white/Purple to pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
Great discounts available on [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/kits/ Saver Packs].<br />
<br />
Professional shipping to worldwide destinations.<br />
<br />
EU VAT exemption for business customers and outside EU. <br />
<br />
[http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/astm/ ASTM test results] available. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/ul-94-test-results/ UL-94 HB] compliant. Need to identify if its ABS or PLA you got in your hands? [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/filament-burn-test/ Filament Burn Test].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3distributed.com/collections/filament/products/taulman-3d-nylon-618 3Distributed] || From London, UK || [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || £28/pound || -[[1.75mm and 3mm avaiable]] - Next day shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dkarma.com 3DKarma] || From UK || [[PLA]] || from £18.11/kg ex tax || Black, blue, red, green, yellow, white, grey, silver, glow-in-the-dark and natural (translucent) available in 1.0kg and 2.3kg spools. Constantly expanding colour and product range (PLA, ABS and PVA).<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmaker.se 3DMaker]<br />[[File:3dmaker.png]] || From Sweden || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || 360kr for 0.9kg PLA , 410kr for 0.9kg (ABS) weight with spool, 1 kg. || Make a visit to Uppsala and buy directly!.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmakerworld.com/plastic-filament 3D Maker World] [[File:3DMakerWorld.png]] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $42 for 1kg, $40 for 2kg (SUMMER SALE till 8/31/2013: $35.70 for 1kg, $68 for 2kg) || NatureWorks IngeoTM 4043D PLA. (Note: NatureWorks and IngeoTM are trademarks or registered trademarks of NatureWorks LLC.) <br> Chi Mei Polylac® PA-747 ABS. (Note: Polylac® is a registered trademark of the Chi Mei Industrial Corporation, LTD.) <br> Premium quality. Made in the USA. Shipping Worldwide.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmania.sk www.3dmania.sk] || From Slovakia || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || from 21€/kg incl. tax || PLA, ABS 18 different colors in 1.0kg spools. Next day shipping<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d-printer-filaments.com 3D-Printer-Filaments.com] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $28-$31/kg ($19/lb), $28-$31/kg ($19/lb) if purchase 2 spools || '''*** ALWAYS HAS STOCK ***''' PLA, ABS more than 20 different colors --> blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools. 1kg/2.2lbs on spool. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.octave.com/ABS-Filament/c123457117/index.html Octave Systems] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark|| Available in standard, fluorescent and glow-in-the-dark. Single reels or 2 and 4 reel packs. Colors include natural, white, black, blue, brown, gold, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, and yellow.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprintergear.com.au 3DPrinterGear] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || AU$40-75/kg Free shipping || Available in 1kg spools. natural, white, green, yellow, purple, orange, red, pink, blue, black, grey, glow in dark blue.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dprinterhub.com/3d-printer-store/3d-print-materials 3D Printer Hub] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || $30/kg || 1kg spools: white, black, red, blue, natural, yellow. Ships in 24 hours.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprinterstuff.com/shop/page/6?shop_param= 3D Printer Stuff] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $33 - 38/kg ($17 - 19/lb || Available in 1, 2, and 5 lb spools. Red, orange, yellow, green, olive, sky blue, navy blue, purple, rust, white, natural, black.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dtec.ch 3dtec.ch] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || > 34 sFr/kg excl. tax || Natureworks PLA, ABS more than 20 different types and colours like blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark, conductive,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.a2aprinter.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=25 A2APrinter] || From Canada || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $36 - 38/kg || White, Yellow, Black<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=sr_nr_p_4_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A3006902011%2Cp_4%3AJet+3D&bbn=3006902011&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1360684583&rnid=3189287011 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Canada] || Free shipping within Canada || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_nr_p_n_availability_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A16310091%2Cp_4%3A3D+Printer+Supplies&bbn=16310091&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194507 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon] || From USA || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $18-35/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg/1.5kg spool rod. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. Immediate shipping from USA. Worldwide shipping. Free shipping possible through Amazon Fullfill Prime. Return allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=sr_nr_p_76_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A560798%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09%2Cp_76%3A419159031&bbn=560798&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1347553808&rnid=419157031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon UK] || From UK to 26 European Countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[http://store.afinia.com/Filament_c_12.html Afinia] || From USA|| [[ABS]] || $31.99 - $44.99/kg || Value-Line (High Quality Filament at Exceptional Pricing) and Premium ABS Filament in an assortment of colors.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.bio-bp.com/e_productshow/?51-PLA-175mm-3D-filamen-51.html Bio-BP] || From China|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg <br> (+$5-10/kg Shipping)|| Yellow/Green/Red<br />
|-<br />
| [http://botmill.com/index.php/materials.html BotMill] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $37 - $44/kg ($17 - 20/lb) || Min 5lb(11kg) order. Worldwide shipping <br> PLA - black and natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bootsindustries.com/ BootsIndustries] || From Canada || [[PLA]] || $38.50/kg || Super Premium - 0.03 mm Tolerance - Red, Blue, Emerald, Black, White - Shipping Canada/USA - Grand Opening July 1st 2013 - Don't miss our launch promotion!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.brightcn.net/e/products/prod1/p110.html BrightCN] (esunPLA)|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel|| black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.Buy3DInk.com Buy 3D Ink] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $35 /kg ($17/lb)|| Red, green, blue, black, white, yellow, natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.coolcomponents.co.uk/catalog/index.php?cPath=89_98 Cool Components] || From UK || [[ABS]] || £24.99/kg (£11.35/lb) || Available in Black, Blue, Green, Red & White (1kg spools).<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://croxwordz.blogspot.com Croxword] || From Taiwan || [[ABS]] || $25 /kg ($12 /lb) : $50/ per box of 2kg (+$12 Shipping)|| White/Black/Blue/Yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://czechreprap.eu czechreprap.eu] || From Czech (EU) || [[ABS]] || $33/kg || Red, other colors soon<br />
|-<br />
| [http://diamondage.co.nz/pla.html Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || From NZ || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || NZ$135 /kg PLA <br> NZ$200 /kg ABS <br> Shipping : ~NZ10$ per roll to Europe/US. || ~0.22kg for a 100 meter roll. Spools avail. Various colours, metallic fx & luminous. Also sells parts.<br /> Contact vik [at] diamondage.co.nz<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap-3d-printer.com eMotion Tech] || From France || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 27,2$/kg PLA&ABS || Free spools avail. Various colours, low shipping cost to EU<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.easysolid.com Easysolid] || From Barcelona, Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 21€/kg PLA&ABS || 1kg. Spools. Different colors available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://esun.en.alibaba.com/product/472333729-212653045/productdetail.html Esun, Alibaba]|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg €11-15 £9-13/kg <br> (+$5-8/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentEsunplaReviews|Reviews]]-<br>black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabber-parts.de/shop fabber-parts] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20~24 /kg 1kg/spool|| PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
Beware: some filament are not consistent with the tolerance given (1.75 mm +- 0.1 mm). I bought a (very faint!) "Glow in the dark blue" and found bumps of 2.25 mm! It blocked my replicator2, with the risk of damaging the extruder. Asked replacement/discount on next order to the company two times, but no answer in one month!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/ Faberdashery Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]] || Sold by the meter - From £0.22/m <br> €73-102/kg || An emporium of high-quality colored PLA, sold by the meter or in 100m coils<br /> Pack with 10m of 10 colors also available (£22) [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/print-materials/rainbow-fun-pack/ Rainbow Fun Pack]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.felixprinters.com/ FELIXprinters.com] || From Netherlands || [[PLA]] || €45.95 for 2.3kg roll, 27.95 for 1kg roll || Different colors(Red, Green, Blue, Black, Transparent, Pink) of 1 and 2.3kg rolls available, worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.filaco.com Filaco]<br />[[File:Filaco-RGB_web.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[HIPS]], [[PLA]] || $20-25 for 0.5kg spool, $40-44 for 1kg spool (plus freight) || ABS and HIPS available in 0.5kg spools. PLA available in 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.filamentprint.com FilamentPrint Ltd] || From UK || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] [[bespoke]] || from £20/kg || Quality Engineering grade materials, as supplied to main machine manufactures as own brand. 1kg or larger spools or small quantities/by the meter with economical shipping charges. Enquire for bulk deals. PLA dosed to ensure flow characteristics and stability.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.formfutura.com Formfutura] <br> <br> [[File:Official_logo_FormFutura-small.jpg]]|| From Netherlands || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Flexible PLA]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || Spool-wrapped for '''€26.45/kg''' || -[[FilamentReviewsFormfutura|Reviews]]-<br> Premium quality ABS and PLA filaments available in 1.75mm and 3.0mm diameter. <br> All filaments are available per 1kg spool '''(€26.45)''' <br> Colours available: Black, White, Red, Blue, Yellow, Transparent, Green, Grey. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/wood-1.75mm-3mm/laywoo-d3.html LAYWOO-D3] wooden filament available per 250 grams coil for '''€20.95'''. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/nylon-1.75mm-3mm/taulman-618.html Taulman 618] Nylon filament available for '''€34.94''' per 450 grams spool. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/eco-flexible-pla-1.75mm-3mm/black.html Flexible PLA] Flex EcoPLA filament available for '''€34.94''' per 500 grams spool. <br> <br>Worldwide shipping!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.igo3d.com iGo3D] <br> <br> [[File:logo_igo3dx250.png]] || From Germany|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman 3D 645 Nylon]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || '''23€/kg''' for PLA and ABS, '''26€/450g''' for Taulman Nylon|| <br> '''First Reseller of Taulman Nylon 3D 618 Nylon in Germany''' [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-618-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for '''€26.00 per 450 grams spool.''' <br> <br> Also Taulman Nylon 3D 645 Nylon [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-645-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for €26.00 per 450 grams spool. <br> <br>Located in Oldenburg, Germany<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.imprimante3dfrance.com imprimante3DFrance.com] || From France|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || 24,90€/kg || Located near Paris<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.inventables.com/categories/materials/3d-printer-filament Inventables] || From Chicago, USA || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || from $39.00/kg || Large color selection (24 colors) of ABS & PLA in stock with worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://thinglab.com.au/index.php/shop Inition/Thinglab] || From Australia|| [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] || From $29/kg || We stock MakerBot official material and also Australian made ABS & PLA filament.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://shop.grrf.de/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=82_83 German RepRap Foundation] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €34 /kg ABS <br> €35 - 40/kg PLA || On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping. Soft PLA<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.jet-filament.com/ Jet Filament] || From USA|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]] [[HIPS]] || $42/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsJet|Reviews]]-<br>Also sells prime-eligible on Amazon.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://justpla.com/ JustPLA] || From USA|| [[PLA]] || $37/kg PLA || -[[justpla|Reviews]]-<br> On kg spool. Free Shipping. Any color. Bulk discounts. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/kbellenterprises/ KBell] || From USA|| [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $28/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsKBell|Reviews]]-<br>Selection of about 4 colors, free shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic.html Makerbot] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $43 - 55/kg ($21 - $27/lb) ABS <br> $43 /kg ($21 /lb) PLA || None<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makerfarm.com/ MakerFarm] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 39/kg ($13.8/lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsMakerFarm|Reviews]]-<br>Most orders ship same day, Worldwide, [http://www.makerfarm.com/index.php/abs-filament.html], ABS, PLA, 1.75mm, 3mm, 1kg Spool, 5lb Spools, Many colors plus Glow in the Dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makergear.com/products/filament MakerGear] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $35 /kg ($17 /lb) || Sold in 1lb (0.5kg) rolls. Red, Blue, Green, Black, White, Orange, Pink & Purple<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/3d-printer-filament MatterHackers] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Laywoo-D3]]|| From $35/kg - FREE US SHIPPING ($16/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMatterHackers|Reviews]]-<br>Orders shipped USPS Priority mail, often same day. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/pla-filament/1-75mm-filament.html Mendel-Parts.com] || From EU || [[PLA]] <br>& soon [[ABS]] || €27 - 29/kg || 6 colors<br/>Worldwide shipping with UPS - 3days max<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.net Mexhibit3Druck] [[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Germany || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| > €21/ kg || 11 colors<br/>EU shipping, shipping upon 4,9 EUR - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.ch Mexhibit][[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| >sFr 35/kg || 11 colors<br/>Swiss shipping, shipping upon 6 CHF - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://mixshop.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=23 Mixshop] || From Canada || [[PLA]] || $30 - 35/kg || Black, Blue, White<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.octave.com/ABS-Filament/c123457117/index.html Octave Systems] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark|| Available in standard, fluorescent and glow-in-the-dark. Single reels or 2 and 4 reel packs. Colors include natural, white, black, blue, brown, gold, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, and yellow.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohin.cz ohin.cz] || From Czech (EU) || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || 650CZK/kg || Variety of colors, on 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohioplasticsandsafetyproducts.com Ohio Plastics] || From Akron, OH || [[ABS]] || $13/lb || ABS. Available in 1-10lb spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ordsolutions.com/SearchResults.asp?Cat=1819 ORD Solutions][[File:Filament_colours_200px.jpg]] || From '''Canada''' || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $29CAD/kg || natural, white, black, red, blue, yellow, green, orange, purple, pink, grey, brown, glow in dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.ozreprap.com Oz Reprap Supplies] || From Australia || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $30/kg || 2.5kg roll. Red ABS, natural ABS & PLA.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.pieces-reprap.com Paoparts] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || €23 - 29/kg || In 1kg or 1,5kg roll, many colors<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastic2print.com Plastic2Print] [[File:Plastic2Print_Logo-3.jpg| 210px|top|Plastic2Print]]|| From the Netherlands ||[[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman 618]], [[Taulman 645]], [[PET]], [[PVA]], [[Flex polyester]] || €21-50/kg || Complete range of 1.75mm 3D printing filaments from regular [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=126 ABS]] and [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=129 PLA]] to [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=189 Nylon/Polyamid]]. Our portfolio includes high tech materials like strong and lightweight [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=202 PET]], flexible Polyester [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=125 FPE]], water soluble [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=127 PVA]] and woodlike [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=201 LayWood]].<br />
<br />
<br>Sold on 0.25 0.5 1.5, 2.0 or 2.3 kg/spool; UPS Worldwide (Express) Shipping<br><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.protoparadigm.com/ ProtoParadigm] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $38.50 / 2LB || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoParadigm|Reviews]]-<br>Better Results with Industry Leading Quality <br> Education Pricing <br> Amazing Colors on 2LB, 5LB 10LB spools <br> Custom Work Available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ultimachine.com/catalog/print-materials UltiMachine] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $20 - 34/lb ($44 - 75/kg) || Guaranteed satisfaction, wide selection of colors/materials/packaging, worldwide shipping - Free Samples! <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.usbcopiers.com/abs-1-75mm-filament.html USBCopiers] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark || ABS 1.75mm plastic filament for Reprap, MakerBot, Ultimaker, PrintrBot and UP! 3D Printers. Available in 17 vivid colors including fluorescent and Glow in the Dark.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.replicatorwarehouse.com Replicator Warehouse (Online / London Store) ] || From UK (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.95/kg ABS or PLA <br> £34.95 Glow in the dark PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsReplicatorWarehouse|Reviews]]-<br>1kg rolls 3mm and 1.75mm in stock (blue, red, white, green, yasmin green, orange, pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.me '''RepRap.me'''] [[File:Colors.jpg]] || From Denmark || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $29/kg || 23 different colors and many specials (1kg spools)<br />
ABS and PLA in plain vivid colors in stock: Black, Blue, Brown, Gold, Green, Grey, Nature, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Silver, White, Wood, Yellow and Transparent. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green); Temperature sensitive Filament (Green-->Yellow/Gray-->White/Purple-->Pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprapbcn.com RepRapBCN] || From Barcelona (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €16/kg PLA & ABS <br> || 1 and 2,3 Kg rolls 3mm & 1,75mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.repraper.com Repraper Tech] (aka RepRap-walmart) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $14~16 /kg 1kg/spool(can be customization), within 1 week delivery|| -[[FilamentReviewsRepRaper|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://RepRapKit.com RepRapKit.com] || From UK || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || from £18.78/kg inc Discount || Premium quality on spool. Limited stocks at present. Wide range of colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapsource.com/en/shop/list/220 Reprapsource] || From Germany || [[PLA]] || €40 /kg || Natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://rp3d.com rp3d.com] || From China || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $15 /kg || many colors, Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://seacans.com SeaCans.com] [[File:Single_Multi_Roll_21380.1356289418.120.120.jpg ]]|| From Canada || [[ABS]] || $24.99 for (1kg) ABS Spools, $54.99 for 2kg/8 colors value pack "Rainbow Pack" || Many colors of ABS in stock. 1.75mm Rainbow Pack colors pre-rolled onto spools ready to use right out of the box. Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Black White. Ships from Canada. Will ship from US soon. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://SeeMeCNC.com SeeMeCNC] || From USA || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]]<br>[[Taulman 618]]<br>[[Taulman 645]] || $39 for 2# (1kg) ABS Spools, $24 for 1# Taulman 618 Spools || Many colors of ABS in stock. Taulman Nylon in BOTH 1.75mm AND 3mm. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.sainsmart.com/other-1/3d-priting-material.html SainSmart 3D Priting.] || From US,Germany,UK,China || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $40/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3ddynamix Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>Sold by the Kg. Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red. Free Shipping to USA, $5 to other countries. <Personal experience> The white PLA I orderd from SainSmart was of low quality. It had bulges that jammed my extruder and did not work well when printed below ~48 mm/sec, making it unsutable of single prints of small objects. Would not buy again. </Personal experience><br />
|-<br />
| [http://supply3dpla.com Supply3DPLA.com] || From SWEDEN || [[PLA]] || €19.5 for 1.0 kg and very likely €39 for 2.3 Kg translucent soon || We are expanding to '''Black, Red, Green. White, Yellow, Blue, Purple, Orange''' and '''Silver''' as standard in standard assortment. More to come. Extensive testing done by our testers and by us who also are active in 3D printing ourself! TRANSLUCENT filament supplier is set, we will be selling from a second source soon! Now we also have sale by the meter.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://toybuilderlabs.com ToybuilderLabs.com] || From USA (CA) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || Most items $42 for 1.0 kg. || -[[FilamentReviewsToybuilderlabs|Reviews]]-<br>PLA available in 15 colors. ABS available in 13 colors. Spooled on wider-diameter spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.pp3dp.com/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=3&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=37&vmcchk=1&Itemid=37 PP3DP] || From China || [[ABS]] || $44 /kg ($23 /lb) + $12 Shipping)|| Sold as 2x700g=3.1lb rolls. White<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.villageplastics.com Village Plastics]<br />[[File:VillagePlastics-3DPrint_RGB.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[HIPS]] || Call for quote || Great selection of colors including Glow in the Dark! <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.voxelfactory.com Voxel Factory] || From Canada || [[ColorFabb PLA/PHA compound]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Taulman Nylon 645]] || $31-42/kg || Yellow, Green, Red, Orange, Black, White, '''Glowing Green and Glowing Blue''' 1Kg spool<br /> Check our new [http://www.voxelfactory.com/collections/colorfabb-1-75mm-filament-on-spool ColorFabb 1.75mm filament]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.weistek.net/?q=node/12 WeisTek.net] || From China || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel || In 1kg and 2.3kg roll. many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/wtuymqve/ wtuymqve] (Xin Yu Da Plastic) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $42/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsXinYuDa|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapteile.de/filament/pla.html?___store=en Reprapteile] || Germany || [[PLA]] || we sell by the meter - from 0,09 €/m <br> 33-37 €/kg || 17 Colors, Laywoo-d3 and Nylon 618<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==3mm diameter filament==<br />
<br />
''Please keep the tables in alphabetical order.''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''3mm dia filament'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /kg !! [[FilamentReviewsNewCompanyTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.2printbeta.de 2PrintBeta] || From Germany || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $41-59/kg €32-46/kg £27-38/kg || -[[FilamentReviews2PrintBeta|Reviews]]-<br>In 100 m and 300m roll. Many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available. <br />
<br />
Avoid. 3mm filament diameter variability is 2.85mm to 3.3mm, the translucent green had some sort of seeds in it causing jams. Translucent blue is filled with bubbles. Contacted 2printbeta but mail went unanswered.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d2print.net 3D2PRINT - Creating the 3rd dimension][[File:3d2print.jpg]] || From Germany and Denmark to Worldwide || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || from €16,76/kg ex VAT. ||43 variants in stock for immediate shipping. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/abs/ ABS] and [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/pla/ PLA] in plain vivid colors: Black, Blue, Gold, Green, Grey, Orange, Red, Pink, Purple, Transparent, Silver, White and Yellow a.o. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green/Yellow/Red); Temperature sensitive Filament (Blue green to Yellow green/Dark gray to white/Purple to pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
Great discounts available on [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/kits/ Saver Packs].<br />
<br />
Professional shipping to worldwide destinations.<br />
<br />
EU VAT exemption for business customers and outside EU. <br />
<br />
[http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/astm/ ASTM test results] available. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/ul-94-test-results/ UL-94 HB] compliant. Need to identify if its ABS or PLA you got in your hands? [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/filament-burn-test/ Filament Burn Test].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3ddynamics.co.uk 3D Dynamix Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || From £30/kg <br> £0.30/meter || -[[FilamentReviews3ddynamix Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>UK supplier, Sold by the Kg and by the meter. A top Quality supply of coloured PLA and ABS. Low cost delivery.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3distributed.com/products/taulman-3d-nylon-618 3Distibuted] || From UK to Worldwide || Taulman 618 Nylon || £28/lb || Next day Shipping. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dkarma.com 3DKarma] || From UK || [[PLA]] || from £18.11/kg ex tax || Black, blue, red, green, yellow, white, grey, silver, glow-in-the-dark and natural (translucent) available in 1.0kg and 2.3kg spools. Constantly expanding colour and product range (PLA, ABS and PVA).<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmakerworld.com/plastic-filament 3D Maker World] [[File:3DMakerWorld.png]] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $42 for 1kg, $40 for 2kg <br> (SUMMER SALE till 8/31/2013: <br>$35.70 for 1kg, $68 for 2kg) || NatureWorks IngeoTM 4043D PLA. (Note: NatureWorks and IngeoTM are trademarks or registered trademarks of NatureWorks LLC.) <br> Premium quality. Made in the USA. Shipping Worldwide.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprintergear.com.au 3DPrinterGear] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || AU$40-59/kg Free shipping || -[[FilamentReviews3DPrinterGear|Reviews]]-<br>Available in 1kg spools. natural, clear, Crysta-Line blue/yellow/red, white, green, yellow, purple, orange, red, pink, blue, black, grey, glow in dark blue.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dprinterhub.com/3d-printer-store/3d-print-materials 3D Printer Hub] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || $30/kg || 1kg spools: white, black, red, blue, natural, yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprinterstuff.com/shop/page/4?shop_param= 3D Printer Stuff] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $29/kg €23/kg £19/kg ||-[[FilamentReviews3DPrinterStuff.com|Reviews]]- <br />
Available in 1lb (0.5kg), 2lb (1kg), and 5lb (2.5kg) spools. Colors : Red, orange, yellow, green, olive, sky blue, navy blue, purple, rust, white, natural, black.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dtec.ch 3dtec.ch] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || > 34 sFr/kg excl. tax || Natureworks PLA, ABS more than 20 different types and colours like blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark, conductive,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.a2aprinter.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=25 A2APrinter] || From Canada || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $36 - 38/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsA2APrinter|Reviews]]-<br>White, Yellow, Black<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=sr_nr_p_4_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A3006902011%2Cp_4%3AJet+3D&bbn=3006902011&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1360684583&rnid=3189287011 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Canada] || Free shipping within Canada || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.fr/s/ref=sr_nr_p_6_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A192419031%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09&bbn=192419031&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194579&rnid=193648031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon France] || From France to all EU countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.de/s/ref=sr_nr_p_6_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A192416031%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09&bbn=192416031&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351114241&rnid=193506031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Germany] || From Germany to all EU countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=sr_nr_p_76_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A560798%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09%2Cp_76%3A419159031&bbn=560798&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1347553808&rnid=419157031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon UK] || From UK to all European Countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_nr_p_n_availability_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A16310091%2Cp_4%3A3D+Printer+Supplies&bbn=16310091&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194507 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon] || From USA || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $18-35/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg/1.5kg spool rod. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. Immediate shipping from USA. Worldwide shipping. Free shipping possible through Amazon Fullfill Prime. Return allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [mailto:sder4552@usyd.edu.au Australia 3D Printer Supplies] || From Australia || [[ABS]] || $22/kg (AUD)|| -[[FilamentReviewsAustralia 3D Printer Supplies|Reviews]]-<br>Available in 1.5kg spools. Colors : Black, Red, Orange, Blue. Ships from Australia. Website: https://sites.google.com/site/australian3dprinters/3d-printer-filament Local pickup available from Sydney.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.bcndynamics.com/en/7-plastics BCNdynamics] || From Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || €29,5/kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsBCNdynamics|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg rolls. PLA and ABS 3mm in different colors <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/catalog/materials Bits From Bytes] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[HDPE]], [[LDPE]], [[PLA]], [[PP]], [[uPVC]] ||$62-73/kg €49-57/kg £40-47/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsBits From Bytes|Reviews]]-<br>In 1kg or 2kg rolls depending on material<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.buy3dink.com/ Buy 3D Ink] || From USA || [[ABS]] <br> [[PLA]]|| $12-35/kg €10-28/kg £8-23/kg ABS <br> $20-35/kg €16-27/kg £13-23/kg PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsBuy 3D Ink|Reviews]]-<br>Black, orange, green, clear<br />
|-<br />
| [http://botmill.com/index.php/materials.html BotMill] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $33/kg €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsBotMill|Reviews]]-<br>Min 1lb (0.5kg) order. Worldwide shipping <br> Large variety of low-cost colored ABS and PLA<br>Terra Cotta, Orange, Light Blue, Olive Drab, Dark Grey<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.bio-bp.com/e_productshow/?50-PLA-3mm-3D-filament-50.html Bio-BP] || From China|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg <br> (+$5-10/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentReviewsBio-BP|Reviews]]-<br>Yellow, Green, Red<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.cd-writer.com/3dprinting.php CD-writer.com] || From UK || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €26/kg £22/kg 1kg/spool||-[[FilamentReviewsCD-writer.com|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink, Glow in the Dark, More) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink, Glow in the Dark, More). All of our product is held in our London based warehouse, available to collect of next day delivery. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.charlies3dtechnologies.eu/Filament/cat1675912_1795848.aspx Charlie's 3D Technologies] || From Belgium (BEL) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €26/kg <br> ||- / -<br> White/Black/Blue/Yellow/Green/Nuclear Green/Red/...<br />
|-<br />
| [http://colorfabb.com ColorFabb] || Netherland || PLA/PHA || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| [http://croxwordz.blogspot.com Croxword] || From Taiwan || [[ABS]] || $17/kg €14/kg £11/kg <br> (+$14 Shipping)||-[[FilamentReviewsCroxword|Reviews]]-<br> White/Black/Blue/Yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://czechreprap.eu czechreprap.eu] || From Czech (EU) || [[ABS]] || $20/kg €15/kg £12/kg || -[[FilamentReviews|Reviews]]-<br>White / Black / Blue / Green / Red / Orange / Green<br />
|-<br />
| [http://diamondage.co.nz/pla.html Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || From NZ || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], IMPLA, HIPLA, HIPS, PETG etc. || NZ$33/kg $26/kg €21/kg £17/kg PLA <br> NZ$50/kg $39/kg €31/kg £26/kg ABS <br> Shipping : $10 to NZ (shipping + GST), ~NZ20$ per roll to Europe/US, less to Australia. || -[[FilamentReviewsDiamond Age Solutions Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>~0.8kg for a 100 meter roll. Spools avail. Many colours, metallic fx & luminous + parts. 11th roll is free<br/>Contact vik [at] diamondage.co.nz<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.easysolid.com Easysolid] || From Barcelona, Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 21€/kg PLA&ABS || 1kg. Spools. Different colors available. Low shipping costs.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.eckertech.com EckerTech Inc.] || From Canada || [[ABS]] || $75 per 5lb spool || 3mm ABS (Natural, Black, Green, Blue, Red, Silver, Yellow)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap-france eMotion Tech] || From France || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $32/kg €24.90/kg £20.7/kg || -[[FilamentReviewseMotion Tech|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg roll. Red / White / Black mixed sets are available. Low shipping costs.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://esun.en.alibaba.com/product/472333729-212653045/productdetail.html Esun, Alibaba]|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg €11-15 £9-13/kg <br> (+$5-8/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentEsunplaReviews|Reviews]]-<br>black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabber-parts.de/shop fabber-parts] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20~24 /kg 1kg/spool|| -[[FilamentReviewsfabber-parts|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabberworld.com fabberworld.com] || From Switzerland || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €29 /kg 1kg/spool||-[[FilamentReviewsfabberworld.com|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/ Faberdashery Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]] || Sold by the meter - From £0.26/m <br> ~$37-50/kg ~€29-39/kg £24-32/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsFaberdashery Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>An emporium of colored PLA, sold by the meter or in 100m coils <br> Pack with 10m of 10 colors also available (£30) [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/print-materials/rainbow-fun-pack/ Rainbow Fun Pack]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://fabricationsofthemind.com/shop/abs/ Fabrications Of The Mind] || From UK || [[ABS]] || £20 /kg for 1kg <br> £16 /kg for 2kg (£31.95) <br> £13 /kg for 5kg (£64.95) ||-[[FilamentReviewsFabrications Of The Mind|Reviews]]-<br>Stocks getting very low. Wide range of spooled premium quality in various colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://filamentprint.com/ FilamentPrint Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Bespoke materials]] || £18/100m || -[[FilamentReviewsFilamentPrint Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>UK manufactured, Sold by the Reel and shorter lengths. A Quality supply of colored PLA and ABS. Now using a low cost carrier to keep the cost economical. Direct to public of OEM grade, own brand material.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.formfutura.com Formfutura] <br> <br> [[File:Official_logo_FormFutura-small.jpg]]|| From Netherlands || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Flexible PLA]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || Spool-wrapped for '''€26.45/kg''' || -[[FilamentReviewsFormfutura|Reviews]]-<br> Premium quality ABS and PLA filaments available in 1.75mm and 3.0mm diameter. <br> All filaments are available per 1kg spool '''(€26.45)''' <br> Colours available: Black, White, Red, Blue, Yellow, Transparent, Green, Grey. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/wood-1.75mm-3mm/laywoo-d3.html LAYWOO-D3] wooden filament available per 250 grams coil for '''€20.95'''. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/nylon-1.75mm-3mm/taulman-618.html Taulman 618] Nylon filament available for '''€34.94''' per 450 grams spool. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/eco-flexible-pla-1.75mm-3mm/black.html Flexible PLA] Flex EcoPLA filament available for '''€34.94''' per 500 grams spool. <br> <br>Worldwide shipping!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.igo3d.com iGo3D] <br> <br> [[File:logo_igo3dx250.png]] || From Germany|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman 3D 645 Nylon]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || '''23€/kg''' for PLA and ABS, '''26€/450g''' for Taulman Nylon|| <br> '''First Reseller of Taulman Nylon 3D 618 Nylon in Germany''' [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-618-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for '''€26.00 per 450 grams spool.''' <br> <br> Also Taulman Nylon 3D 645 Nylon [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-645-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for €26.00 per 450 grams spool. <br> <br>Located in Oldenburg, Germany<br />
|-<br />
| [https://grrf.de/de/catalog/verbrauchsmaterial German RepRap GmbH] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PS]] [[Wood]]|| €25-€34/kg : €55-€75 for 2.2kg PLA <br> €22.73/kg : €50 for 2.2kg ABS || -[[FilamentReviewsGerman RepRap Foundation|Reviews]]-<br> On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping. Also have soft PLA<br />
|-<br />
| [http://thefutureis3d.com/node/113 Future is 3D, The] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || Sold by the Reel - $33/kg || -[[FilamentReviews Future is 3D, The|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://gadgets3d.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=60 GADGETS3D.com] || From Poland (EU) || [[PLA]] || $29.99 USD/kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsGADGETS3D.com|Reviews]]-<br> On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://handmadecircuits.com Handmade Circuits] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $40-$50 per 100m coil, $45 ten color sample pack || -[[FilamentReviewsHandmade Circuits|Reviews]]-<br>Many Assorted Colors, currently running $35 Sample Pack Special <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ic3dprinters.com IC3D] || From Ohio, USA || [[ABS]] || from $17.50 per lb ($38.50 per kg) || -[[FilamentReviews_IC3D|Reviews]]-<br> Clear, Natural, Black, Red, Orange, Blue, Green ABS in 2lb spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.imprimante3dfrance.com imprimante3DFrance.com] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || 24,20€/kg || Located near Paris<br />
|-<br />
| [http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=171016498252 KBell Enterprises] || From Missouri, USA || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $28/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsKBell|Reviews]]-<br>Black, White, Red, Blue, Fluorescent Yellow. Free shipping in the US.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://kdipolymerspecialists.co.uk KDI Polymer Specialist Ltd] <br> [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=KDI&index=electronics-uk&search-type=ss KDI @ Amazon] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.75 - 34.00/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsKDI Polymer Specialist Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>1kg reel. Translucent green, red and blue, all standard colours available bespoke colours on request <br> All with Free UK Shipping, trade enquiries welcome.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.kentstrapper.blogspot.com Kent's Strapper] || From Italy (EU) || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €45 , a partire da 45€ ||-[[FilamentReviewsKent's Strapper|Reviews]]-<br>colori standard e ricercati, many colours<br />
|-<br />
| [http://lybina.com/ Lybina Pty Ltd] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[HDPE]], [[PP]], [[PVC]] || $32 /kg ($16 /lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsLybina Pty Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>50 meter Coil (~1lb) and Bagged + GST + Transport. Contact Through Website [http://lybina.com/contact-us.html Lybina Contact Us Page] <br> Credit Card Facilities Available<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.lulzbot.com/?q=catalog/plastic-filament LulzBot] || From USA and UK || [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Polycarbonate]]|| $45 /kg ($20 /lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsLulzbot|Reviews]]-<br>Now carrying Laywoo-D3 Wood Filament and Taulman 618 Nylon filament <br> 15 different color options for ABS including Glow In The Dark. <br> Multiple payment options available. <br> Ships from the US and the UK with Ground or Expedited shipping<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic.html Makerbot] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]] || $43 - 55/kg ($21 - $28/lb) ABS <br> $43 /kg ($21 /lb) PLA <br> $32 /lb ($64/kg) PVA|| -[[FilamentReviewsMakerbot|Reviews]]-<br>Ships same day, Worldwide, [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic/1-75mm-filament.html 1.75mm] [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic/3mm-filament.html 3mm], Lots of colors and variety, high tolerance, custom manufactured. Fluorescent too!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makerfarm.com/ MakerFarm] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 39/kg ($13.8/lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsMakerFarm|Reviews]]-<br>Most orders ship same day, Worldwide, [http://www.makerfarm.com/index.php/abs-filament.html], ABS, PLA, 1.75mm, 3mm, 1kg Spool, 5lb Spools, Many colors plus Glow in the Dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makergear.com/products/filament MakerGear] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 50/kg ($15 - 25/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMakerGear|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/3d-printer-filament MatterHackers] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Laywoo-D3]]|| From $35/kg + FREE US SHIPPING ($16/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMatterHackers|Reviews]]-<br>Orders shipped USPS Priority mail, often same day.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/pla-filament/3mm-filament.html Mendel-Parts.com] || From Netherlands || [[PLA]]<br> & soon [[ABS]] || €25 - 27/kg PLA || -[[FilamentReviewsMendel-Parts.com|Reviews]]-<br>6 colors <br> Worldwide shipping with UPS - 3days max<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.net Mexhibit3Druck] [[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Germany || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| > €21/ kg || 11 colors<br/>EU shipping, shipping upon 4,9 EUR - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.ch Mexhibit][[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| >sFr 35/kg || 11 colors<br/>Swiss shipping, shipping upon 6 CHF - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.newimageplastic.com New Image Plastics] <br> [http://www.plasticweldingrod.com/ Plastic welding rod] <br> [http://www.3dprinterfilament.com/ 3D Printer Filament] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PVC]], [[HDPE]], [[PLA]] || $16 /kg ($8 /lb) ABS || -[[FilamentReviewsNew Image Plastics|Reviews]]- <br>Min 10lb (~5kg) order. Delivery on small orders tends to take several weeks <br> Call Donna at +1 (330) 854-3010 and tell them Forrest or RepRap sent you <br> Apparently, they do not sell PLA (8/29/11: Donna said they don't stock it) but can extrude PLA supplied by a customer. .<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohin.cz ohin.cz] || From Czech (EU) || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || 650CZK/kg || Variety of colors, on 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.onlinefilament.com/ Online Filament] || From USA || [[ABS]]. [[PLA]]|| $42/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsOnlineFilament|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.orbi-tech.de/shop/Plastic-Welding-Rod:::30.html Orbi-Tech] || From Germany || [[ABS]], [[ASA]], [[PA]], [[PC]], [[PE]], [[PLA]], [[PP]], [[PS]], [[TPE]] || ??? || -[[FilamentReviews_Orbi-Tech|Reviews]]-<br>Not all materials are available in 3mm though. (''and Hey.. Got a drillpress? Make your own hotend, change a filament dia. setting in your slicer, print (hopefully) and share your knowledge on the wiki!'')<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ordsolutions.com/SearchResults.asp?Cat=1819 ORD Solutions][[File:Filament_colours_200px.jpg]] || From '''Canada''' || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $29CAD/kg || natural, white, black, red, blue, yellow, green, orange, purple, pink, grey, brown, glow in dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.ozreprap.com Oz Reprap Supplies] || From Australia || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $30 / kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsOz Reprap Supplies|Reviews]]-<br> 1kg and 2.5kg rolls. Many colours.<br />
|- <br />
| [http://www.pieces-reprap.fr Paoparts] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]]|| €24 /kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsPaoparts|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg or 1,5kg roll. Many Colors 3mm and 1.75mm<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastic2print.com Plastic2Print] [[File:Plastic2Print_Logo-3.jpg| 210px|top|Plastic2Print]]|| From the Netherlands ||[[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman 618]], [[Taulman 645]], [[PET]], [[PVA]], [[Flex polyester]] || €21-50/kg || Complete range of 3mm 3D printing filaments from regular [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=126 ABS]] and [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=129 PLA]] to [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=189 Nylon/Polyamid]]. Our portfolio includes high tech materials like strong and lightweight [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=202 PET]], flexible Polyester [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=125 FPE]], water soluble [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=127 PVA]] and woodlike [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=201 LayWood]].<br />
<br />
<br>Sold on 0.25 0.5 1.5, 2.0 or 2.3 kg/spool; UPS Worldwide (Express) Shipping<br><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastireal.com.br Plastireal] || From Brazil || [[PVC]] [[HDPE]] [[PP]] || R$20 /kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPlastireal|Reviews]]-<br>São Paulo store<br />
|-<br />
| [http://printallthethings.com Print All the Things!!!] || From Spain || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || 18 € / kg || Lots of colors!! Fast shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://shop.printbl.com printbl.com] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $48 / kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPrint Plastic|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.printplastic.eu/ Print Plastic] || From EU || [[PLA]] || 26.96 € / kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPrint Plastic|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.protoparadigm.com/ ProtoParadigm] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $38.50 / 2LB || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoParadigm|Reviews]]-<br>Better Results with Industry Leading Quality <br> Education Pricing <br> Amazing Colors on 2LB, 5LB 10LB spools <br> Custom Work Available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/protoprinter ProtoPrinter] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $28/kg + $13 shipping || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoPrinter|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://prototyp3d.com.au Prototyp3d] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $30/kg || Discounts offered to members of HSBNE, or just whoever goes to the tuesday open nights. Contact us on skype at prototyp3d<br />
|-<br />
| [http://qdtsd.en.alibaba.com/productgrouplist-210256164/Plastic_Welding_rods.html#products Qingdao TSD Plastic Co., Ltd.] || From China || [[ABS]] [[HDPE]] [[PE]] [[PP]] [[PVC]] || ? || -[[FilamentReviews Qingdao TSD Plastic Co|Reviews]]-<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.replicatorwarehouse.com Replicator Warehouse (Online / London Store) ] || From UK (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.95/kg ABS or PLA <br> £34.95 Glow in the dark PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsReplicatorWarehouse|Reviews]]-<br>1kg rolls 3mm and 1.75mm in stock (blue, red, white, green, yasmin green, orange, pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.cc RepRap Austria] || From Austria (EU) || [[ABS]] || €19,99/kg ABS <br> || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapAustria|Reviews]]-<br>2kg rolls 3mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow,white)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.me '''RepRap.me'''] [[File:Colors.jpg]] || From Denmark || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $29/kg || 23 different colors and many specials (1kg spools)<br />
ABS and PLA in plain vivid colors in stock: Black, Blue, Brown, Gold, Green, Grey, Nature, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Silver, White, Wood, Yellow and Transparent. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green); Temperature sensitive Filament (Green-->Yellow/Gray-->White/Purple-->Pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprapbcn.com RepRapBCN] || From Barcelona (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €16/kg PLA & ABS <br> || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapBCN|Reviews]]-<br>1 and 2,3 kg rolls 3mm & 1,75mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow, white, blue)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapcentral.com RepRapCentral.com] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £30 - 36/kg 5lb spool <br> £30 - 66/kg 1lb coil || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapCentral.com|Reviews]]-<br>Black/White ABS, Premium/Translucent PLA, Translucent Green, Translucent Blue, Orange, Purple, Yellow, Red, Bright Blue and a striking lime green. Next Day Shipping! (where stated), Worldwide shipping. [http://www.reprapcentral.com All Filaments]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapsource.com/en/shop/list/198 RepRapSource] || From Germany || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || €24 - 30/kg ABS <br> €29 - 32 /kg PLA ||-[[FilamentReviewsRepRapSource|Reviews]]-<br> For a 5lb roll. Different colours available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://RepRapKit.com RepRapKit.com] || From UK || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || from £18.78/kg inc Discount || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapKit.com|Reviews]]-<br>Premium quality on spool. Limited stocks at present. Wide range of colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.repraper.com Repraper Tech] (aka RepRap-walmart) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $14~16 /kg 1kg/spool(can be customization), within 1 week delivery|| -[[FilamentReviewsRepRaper|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://reprapworld.com/?searchresults&cPath=1590 RepRapWorld] || From Netherlands || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20 /kg (9.98 for a 500g coil)||-[[FilamentReviewsRepRapWorld|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Blue, Red, Black, Yellow) ABS (Black, White)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://rp3d.com rp3d.com] || From China || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $15 /kg || many colors, Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://seemecnc.com SeeMeCNC] || From USA || [[PLA]]<br>[[Taulman 618]]<br>[[Taulman 645 soon]] || $39 for 2# (1Kg) spools of ABS/PLA, $24 for 618 and $32 for 645 Taulman<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [http://supply3dpla.com Supply3DPLA.com] || From Sweden || [[PLA]] || €39 for 2.5Kg spool or €15.6 / Kg <br> we also have odd PLA from €12/Kg || -[[FilamentReviewsSupply3dPla|Reviews]]-<br> We are expanding to '''Black, Red, Green. Yellow, White, Blue, Puprle, Orange''' and '''Silver''' as standard in standard assortment. More to come. We also have our own testers as well as we are active in 3D printing our selfs.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://taulman3d.com taulman3d] || US || [[Polyamide]] (aka "[[Wikipedia:Nylon|Nylon]]")|| $19.75 á 1 pound (.45kg) & Shipping || -[[FilamentReviews_taulman3d|Reviews]]-<br> Polyamides prints can easily be coloured with standard fabric dyes (textile and paper acid based dyes). <br />
|- <br />
| Tianjin Wallbosen Industrial Co., Ltd || ?? || [[ABS]]|| ?? || -[[FilamentReviewsTianjin Wallbosen Industrial Co., Ltd|Reviews]]-<br />
|-<br />
| [http://toybuilderlabs.com ToybuilderLabs.com] || From USA (CA) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || Most items $42 for 1.0 kg. || -[[FilamentReviewsToybuilderlabs|Reviews]]-<br>PLA available in 15 colors. ABS available in 13 colors. Spooled on wider diameter spools to avoid tight coils.<br />
|- <br />
| [http://www.ultibots.com/filament.html Ultibots] || From USA || [[ABS]]|| $40 - 48/kg ($18 - $22/lb) ABS|| -[[FilamentReviews_Ultibots|Reviews]]-<br>Lots of colors, high tolerance, manufactured in USA. Fluorescent too!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ultimachine.com/catalog/print-materials UltiMachine] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $15 - $34 /lb ($33 - $75 /kg) || -[[FilamentReviewsUltimachine.com|Reviews]]-<br>Guaranteed satisfaction, wide selection of colors/materials/packaging, worldwide shipping - Free Samples!<br />
|-<br />
| [https://shop.ultimaker.com/en/consumables.html Ultimaker Shop] || From Netherlands (EU) || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], flexPLA || €28 - 41/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsUltimaker Shop|Reviews]]-<br>In 750g and 2.3 kg reels. We offer many different colors of high quality filament. All offered material are tested extensively.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.villageplastics.com Village Plastics]<br />[[File:VillagePlastics-3DPrint_RGB.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[HIPS]] || Call for quote || Great selection of colors including Glow in the Dark!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.voxelfactory.com Voxel Factory] || From Canada || [[ColorFabb PLA/PHA Compound]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Taulman Nylon 645]] || $27-42/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsVoxel Factory|Reviews]]-<br>Silver, Yellow, Green, Red, Orange, Black, White, '''Glowing Green and Glowing Blue''' 1Kg spool<br /> Check our new [http://www.voxelfactory.com/collections/colorfabb-3mm-filament-on-spool ColorFabb PLA/PHA 3mm filament]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.weistek.net/?q=node/8 WeisTek.net] || From China || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel || -[[FilamentReviewsWeisTek.net|Reviews]]-<br>Expensive shipping ($42) In 1KG and 2.5kg roll. Many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available<br />
|-<br />
| [https://kd85.com/makerbot.html Wim-kd85.com] || From Belgium (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €20 - 32/kg ABS <br> €26 /kg PLA || -[[FilamentReviewsWim-kd85.com|Reviews]]-<br>5lb rolls<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapteile.de/filament/pla.html?___store=en Reprapteile] || Germany || [[PLA]] || we sell by the meter - from 0,26 €/m <br> 33-37 €/kg || 17 Colors, Laywoo-d3 and Nylon 618<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Photopolymers - Resin=<br />
<br />
''Please keep the tables in alphabetical order.''<br />
<br />
==Photopolymers - Resin UV Cured==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''Photopolymers UV 385nm'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /L !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bucktownpolymers.com/polymer00.html Bucktown Polymers] || From USA || Several || $35 and up/kg || Quarts/Gallons/5Gal Pails/55Gal Drums. Process colors, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, White and many custom colors and effects.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Photopolymers - Visible Spectrum Cured==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''Photopolymers Visible Spectrum Cured'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /L !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bucktownpolymers.com/polymer00.html Bucktown Polymers] || From USA || Several || $35 and up/kg || Quarts/Gallons/5Gal Pails/55Gal Drums. Process colors, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, White and many custom colors and effects.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=External resources=<br />
[http://www.3ders.org/pricecompare 3ders filament pricecomparison page]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Suppliers]]<br />
[[category:thermoplastic]]<br />
[[category:material]]<br />
[[category:photopolymers]]<br />
[[category:resin]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Printing_Material_Suppliers&diff=95938Printing Material Suppliers2013-06-14T22:05:15Z<p>VikOlliver: /* 1.75mm diameter filament */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Suppliers_by_Part]]<br />
<br />
=Filament=<br />
<br />
Below is a table listing suppliers of filament. <br />
* Costs are only approximate and are likely to change.<br />
* Always check before ordering, and if you can, update this page. <br />
* If there are any missing fields in the table, please feel free to update.<br />
<br />
* But most of all '''''review your supplier'''''!!''<br />
<br />
==1.75mm diameter filament==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''1.75mm dia filament'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /kg !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d2print.net 3D2PRINT - Creating the 3rd dimension][[File:3d2print.jpg]] || From Germany and Denmark to Worldwide || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || from €16,76/kg ex VAT. ||43 variants in stock for immediate shipping. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/abs/ ABS] and [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/pla/ PLA] in plain vivid colors: Black, Blue, Gold, Green, Grey, Orange, Red, Pink, Purple, Transparent, Silver, White and Yellow a.o. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green/Yellow/Red); Temperature sensitive Filament (Blue green to Yellow green/Dark gray to white/Purple to pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
Great discounts available on [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/kits/ Saver Packs].<br />
<br />
Professional shipping to worldwide destinations.<br />
<br />
EU VAT exemption for business customers and outside EU. <br />
<br />
[http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/astm/ ASTM test results] available. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/ul-94-test-results/ UL-94 HB] compliant. Need to identify if its ABS or PLA you got in your hands? [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/filament-burn-test/ Filament Burn Test].<br />
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| [http://www.3distributed.com/collections/filament/products/taulman-3d-nylon-618 3Distributed] || From London, UK || [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || £28/pound || -[[1.75mm and 3mm avaiable]] - Next day shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dkarma.com 3DKarma] || From UK || [[PLA]] || from £18.11/kg ex tax || Black, blue, red, green, yellow, white, grey, silver, glow-in-the-dark and natural (translucent) available in 1.0kg and 2.3kg spools. Constantly expanding colour and product range (PLA, ABS and PVA).<br />
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| [http://www.3dmaker.se 3DMaker]<br />[[File:3dmaker.png]] || From Sweden || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || 360kr for 0.9kg PLA , 410kr for 0.9kg (ABS) weight with spool, 1 kg. || Make a visit to Uppsala and buy directly!.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmakerworld.com/plastic-filament 3D Maker World] [[File:3DMakerWorld.png]] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $42 for 1kg, $40 for 2kg (SUMMER SALE till 8/31/2013: $35.70 for 1kg, $68 for 2kg) || NatureWorks IngeoTM 4043D PLA. (Note: NatureWorks and IngeoTM are trademarks or registered trademarks of NatureWorks LLC.) <br> Chi Mei Polylac® PA-747 ABS. (Note: Polylac® is a registered trademark of the Chi Mei Industrial Corporation, LTD.) <br> Premium quality. Made in the USA. Shipping Worldwide.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmania.sk www.3dmania.sk] || From Slovakia || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || from 21€/kg incl. tax || PLA, ABS 18 different colors in 1.0kg spools. Next day shipping<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d-printer-filaments.com 3D-Printer-Filaments.com] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $28-$31/kg ($19/lb), $28-$31/kg ($19/lb) if purchase 2 spools || '''*** ALWAYS HAS STOCK ***''' PLA, ABS more than 20 different colors --> blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools. 1kg/2.2lbs on spool. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.octave.com/ABS-Filament/c123457117/index.html Octave Systems] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark|| Available in standard, fluorescent and glow-in-the-dark. Single reels or 2 and 4 reel packs. Colors include natural, white, black, blue, brown, gold, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, and yellow.<br />
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|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprintergear.com.au 3DPrinterGear] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || AU$40-75/kg Free shipping || Available in 1kg spools. natural, white, green, yellow, purple, orange, red, pink, blue, black, grey, glow in dark blue.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dprinterhub.com/3d-printer-store/3d-print-materials 3D Printer Hub] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || $30/kg || 1kg spools: white, black, red, blue, natural, yellow. Ships in 24 hours.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprinterstuff.com/shop/page/6?shop_param= 3D Printer Stuff] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $33 - 38/kg ($17 - 19/lb || Available in 1, 2, and 5 lb spools. Red, orange, yellow, green, olive, sky blue, navy blue, purple, rust, white, natural, black.<br />
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|-<br />
| [http://3dtec.ch 3dtec.ch] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || > 34 sFr/kg excl. tax || Natureworks PLA, ABS more than 20 different types and colours like blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark, conductive,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.a2aprinter.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=25 A2APrinter] || From Canada || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $36 - 38/kg || White, Yellow, Black<br />
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|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=sr_nr_p_4_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A3006902011%2Cp_4%3AJet+3D&bbn=3006902011&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1360684583&rnid=3189287011 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Canada] || Free shipping within Canada || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
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|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_nr_p_n_availability_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A16310091%2Cp_4%3A3D+Printer+Supplies&bbn=16310091&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194507 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon] || From USA || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $18-35/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg/1.5kg spool rod. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. Immediate shipping from USA. Worldwide shipping. Free shipping possible through Amazon Fullfill Prime. Return allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=sr_nr_p_76_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A560798%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09%2Cp_76%3A419159031&bbn=560798&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1347553808&rnid=419157031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon UK] || From UK to 26 European Countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
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|-<br />
|[http://store.afinia.com/Filament_c_12.html Afinia] || From USA|| [[ABS]] || $31.99 - $44.99/kg || Value-Line (High Quality Filament at Exceptional Pricing) and Premium ABS Filament in an assortment of colors.<br />
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|[http://www.bio-bp.com/e_productshow/?51-PLA-175mm-3D-filamen-51.html Bio-BP] || From China|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg <br> (+$5-10/kg Shipping)|| Yellow/Green/Red<br />
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| [http://botmill.com/index.php/materials.html BotMill] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $37 - $44/kg ($17 - 20/lb) || Min 5lb(11kg) order. Worldwide shipping <br> PLA - black and natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bootsindustries.com/ BootsIndustries] || From Canada || [[PLA]] || $38.50/kg || Super Premium - 0.03 mm Tolerance - Red, Blue, Emerald, Black, White - Shipping Canada/USA - Grand Opening July 1st 2013 - Don't miss our launch promotion!<br />
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| [http://www.brightcn.net/e/products/prod1/p110.html BrightCN] (esunPLA)|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel|| black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.Buy3DInk.com Buy 3D Ink] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $35 /kg ($17/lb)|| Red, green, blue, black, white, yellow, natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.coolcomponents.co.uk/catalog/index.php?cPath=89_98 Cool Components] || From UK || [[ABS]] || £24.99/kg (£11.35/lb) || Available in Black, Blue, Green, Red & White (1kg spools).<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://croxwordz.blogspot.com Croxword] || From Taiwan || [[ABS]] || $25 /kg ($12 /lb) : $50/ per box of 2kg (+$12 Shipping)|| White/Black/Blue/Yellow<br />
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| [http://czechreprap.eu czechreprap.eu] || From Czech (EU) || [[ABS]] || $33/kg || Red, other colors soon<br />
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| [http://diamondage.co.nz/pla.html Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || From NZ || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || NZ$44.25 /kg PLA <br> NZ$65.50 /kg ABS <br> Shipping : ~NZ10$ per roll to Europe/US. || ~0.22kg for a 100 meter roll. Spools avail. Various colours, metallic fx & luminous. Also sells parts.<br /> Contact vik [at] diamondage.co.nz<br />
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| [http://www.reprap-3d-printer.com eMotion Tech] || From France || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 27,2$/kg PLA&ABS || Free spools avail. Various colours, low shipping cost to EU<br />
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| [http://www.easysolid.com Easysolid] || From Barcelona, Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 21€/kg PLA&ABS || 1kg. Spools. Different colors available.<br />
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| [http://esun.en.alibaba.com/product/472333729-212653045/productdetail.html Esun, Alibaba]|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg €11-15 £9-13/kg <br> (+$5-8/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentEsunplaReviews|Reviews]]-<br>black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabber-parts.de/shop fabber-parts] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20~24 /kg 1kg/spool|| PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
Beware: some filament are not consistent with the tolerance given (1.75 mm +- 0.1 mm). I bought a (very faint!) "Glow in the dark blue" and found bumps of 2.25 mm! It blocked my replicator2, with the risk of damaging the extruder. Asked replacement/discount on next order to the company two times, but no answer in one month!<br />
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| [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/ Faberdashery Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]] || Sold by the meter - From £0.22/m <br> €73-102/kg || An emporium of high-quality colored PLA, sold by the meter or in 100m coils<br /> Pack with 10m of 10 colors also available (£22) [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/print-materials/rainbow-fun-pack/ Rainbow Fun Pack]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.felixprinters.com/ FELIXprinters.com] || From Netherlands || [[PLA]] || €45.95 for 2.3kg roll, 27.95 for 1kg roll || Different colors(Red, Green, Blue, Black, Transparent, Pink) of 1 and 2.3kg rolls available, worldwide shipping.<br />
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| [http://www.filaco.com Filaco]<br />[[File:Filaco-RGB_web.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[HIPS]], [[PLA]] || $20-25 for 0.5kg spool, $40-44 for 1kg spool (plus freight) || ABS and HIPS available in 0.5kg spools. PLA available in 1kg spools.<br />
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| [http://www.filamentprint.com FilamentPrint Ltd] || From UK || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] [[bespoke]] || from £20/kg || Quality Engineering grade materials, as supplied to main machine manufactures as own brand. 1kg or larger spools or small quantities/by the meter with economical shipping charges. Enquire for bulk deals. PLA dosed to ensure flow characteristics and stability.<br />
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| [http://www.formfutura.com Formfutura] <br> <br> [[File:Official_logo_FormFutura-small.jpg]]|| From Netherlands || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Flexible PLA]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || Spool-wrapped for '''€26.45/kg''' || -[[FilamentReviewsFormfutura|Reviews]]-<br> Premium quality ABS and PLA filaments available in 1.75mm and 3.0mm diameter. <br> All filaments are available per 1kg spool '''(€26.45)''' <br> Colours available: Black, White, Red, Blue, Yellow, Transparent, Green, Grey. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/wood-1.75mm-3mm/laywoo-d3.html LAYWOO-D3] wooden filament available per 250 grams coil for '''€20.95'''. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/nylon-1.75mm-3mm/taulman-618.html Taulman 618] Nylon filament available for '''€34.94''' per 450 grams spool. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/eco-flexible-pla-1.75mm-3mm/black.html Flexible PLA] Flex EcoPLA filament available for '''€34.94''' per 500 grams spool. <br> <br>Worldwide shipping!<br />
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| [http://www.igo3d.com iGo3D] <br> <br> [[File:logo_igo3dx250.png]] || From Germany|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman 3D 645 Nylon]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || '''23€/kg''' for PLA and ABS, '''26€/450g''' for Taulman Nylon|| <br> '''First Reseller of Taulman Nylon 3D 618 Nylon in Germany''' [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-618-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for '''€26.00 per 450 grams spool.''' <br> <br> Also Taulman Nylon 3D 645 Nylon [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-645-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for €26.00 per 450 grams spool. <br> <br>Located in Oldenburg, Germany<br />
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| [http://www.imprimante3dfrance.com imprimante3DFrance.com] || From France|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || 24,90€/kg || Located near Paris<br />
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| [https://www.inventables.com/categories/materials/3d-printer-filament Inventables] || From Chicago, USA || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || from $39.00/kg || Large color selection (24 colors) of ABS & PLA in stock with worldwide shipping.<br />
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| [http://thinglab.com.au/index.php/shop Inition/Thinglab] || From Australia|| [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] || From $29/kg || We stock MakerBot official material and also Australian made ABS & PLA filament.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://shop.grrf.de/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=82_83 German RepRap Foundation] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €34 /kg ABS <br> €35 - 40/kg PLA || On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping. Soft PLA<br />
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| [http://www.jet-filament.com/ Jet Filament] || From USA|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]] [[HIPS]] || $42/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsJet|Reviews]]-<br>Also sells prime-eligible on Amazon.<br />
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| [http://justpla.com/ JustPLA] || From USA|| [[PLA]] || $37/kg PLA || -[[justpla|Reviews]]-<br> On kg spool. Free Shipping. Any color. Bulk discounts. <br />
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| [http://myworld.ebay.com/kbellenterprises/ KBell] || From USA|| [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $28/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsKBell|Reviews]]-<br>Selection of about 4 colors, free shipping.<br />
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| [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic.html Makerbot] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $43 - 55/kg ($21 - $27/lb) ABS <br> $43 /kg ($21 /lb) PLA || None<br />
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| [http://www.makerfarm.com/ MakerFarm] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 39/kg ($13.8/lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsMakerFarm|Reviews]]-<br>Most orders ship same day, Worldwide, [http://www.makerfarm.com/index.php/abs-filament.html], ABS, PLA, 1.75mm, 3mm, 1kg Spool, 5lb Spools, Many colors plus Glow in the Dark<br />
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| [http://www.makergear.com/products/filament MakerGear] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $35 /kg ($17 /lb) || Sold in 1lb (0.5kg) rolls. Red, Blue, Green, Black, White, Orange, Pink & Purple<br />
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| [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/3d-printer-filament MatterHackers] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Laywoo-D3]]|| From $35/kg - FREE US SHIPPING ($16/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMatterHackers|Reviews]]-<br>Orders shipped USPS Priority mail, often same day. <br />
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| [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/pla-filament/1-75mm-filament.html Mendel-Parts.com] || From EU || [[PLA]] <br>& soon [[ABS]] || €27 - 29/kg || 6 colors<br/>Worldwide shipping with UPS - 3days max<br />
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| [http://www.mexhibit.net Mexhibit3Druck] [[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Germany || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| > €21/ kg || 11 colors<br/>EU shipping, shipping upon 4,9 EUR - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
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| [http://www.mexhibit.ch Mexhibit][[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| >sFr 35/kg || 11 colors<br/>Swiss shipping, shipping upon 6 CHF - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://mixshop.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=23 Mixshop] || From Canada || [[PLA]] || $30 - 35/kg || Black, Blue, White<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.octave.com/ABS-Filament/c123457117/index.html Octave Systems] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark|| Available in standard, fluorescent and glow-in-the-dark. Single reels or 2 and 4 reel packs. Colors include natural, white, black, blue, brown, gold, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, and yellow.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohin.cz ohin.cz] || From Czech (EU) || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || 650CZK/kg || Variety of colors, on 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohioplasticsandsafetyproducts.com Ohio Plastics] || From Akron, OH || [[ABS]] || $13/lb || ABS. Available in 1-10lb spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ordsolutions.com/SearchResults.asp?Cat=1819 ORD Solutions][[File:Filament_colours_200px.jpg]] || From '''Canada''' || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $29CAD/kg || natural, white, black, red, blue, yellow, green, orange, purple, pink, grey, brown, glow in dark<br />
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| [http://store.ozreprap.com Oz Reprap Supplies] || From Australia || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $30/kg || 2.5kg roll. Red ABS, natural ABS & PLA.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.pieces-reprap.com Paoparts] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || €23 - 29/kg || In 1kg or 1,5kg roll, many colors<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastic2print.com Plastic2Print] [[File:Plastic2Print_Logo-3.jpg| 210px|top|Plastic2Print]]|| From the Netherlands ||[[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman 618]], [[Taulman 645]], [[PET]], [[PVA]], [[Flex polyester]] || €21-50/kg || Complete range of 1.75mm 3D printing filaments from regular [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=126 ABS]] and [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=129 PLA]] to [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=189 Nylon/Polyamid]]. Our portfolio includes high tech materials like strong and lightweight [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=202 PET]], flexible Polyester [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=125 FPE]], water soluble [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=127 PVA]] and woodlike [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=201 LayWood]].<br />
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<br>Sold on 0.25 0.5 1.5, 2.0 or 2.3 kg/spool; UPS Worldwide (Express) Shipping<br><br />
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|-<br />
| [http://www.protoparadigm.com/ ProtoParadigm] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $38.50 / 2LB || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoParadigm|Reviews]]-<br>Better Results with Industry Leading Quality <br> Education Pricing <br> Amazing Colors on 2LB, 5LB 10LB spools <br> Custom Work Available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ultimachine.com/catalog/print-materials UltiMachine] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $20 - 34/lb ($44 - 75/kg) || Guaranteed satisfaction, wide selection of colors/materials/packaging, worldwide shipping - Free Samples! <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.usbcopiers.com/abs-1-75mm-filament.html USBCopiers] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $31/kg <br> $34.99/kg for glow-in-the-dark || ABS 1.75mm plastic filament for Reprap, MakerBot, Ultimaker, PrintrBot and UP! 3D Printers. Available in 17 vivid colors including fluorescent and Glow in the Dark.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.replicatorwarehouse.com Replicator Warehouse (Online / London Store) ] || From UK (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.95/kg ABS or PLA <br> £34.95 Glow in the dark PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsReplicatorWarehouse|Reviews]]-<br>1kg rolls 3mm and 1.75mm in stock (blue, red, white, green, yasmin green, orange, pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.me '''RepRap.me'''] [[File:Colors.jpg]] || From Denmark || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $29/kg || 23 different colors and many specials (1kg spools)<br />
ABS and PLA in plain vivid colors in stock: Black, Blue, Brown, Gold, Green, Grey, Nature, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Silver, White, Wood, Yellow and Transparent. <br />
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Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green); Temperature sensitive Filament (Green-->Yellow/Gray-->White/Purple-->Pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
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<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprapbcn.com RepRapBCN] || From Barcelona (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €16/kg PLA & ABS <br> || 1 and 2,3 Kg rolls 3mm & 1,75mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.repraper.com Repraper Tech] (aka RepRap-walmart) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $14~16 /kg 1kg/spool(can be customization), within 1 week delivery|| -[[FilamentReviewsRepRaper|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://RepRapKit.com RepRapKit.com] || From UK || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || from £18.78/kg inc Discount || Premium quality on spool. Limited stocks at present. Wide range of colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapsource.com/en/shop/list/220 Reprapsource] || From Germany || [[PLA]] || €40 /kg || Natural<br />
|-<br />
| [http://rp3d.com rp3d.com] || From China || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $15 /kg || many colors, Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://seacans.com SeaCans.com] [[File:Single_Multi_Roll_21380.1356289418.120.120.jpg ]]|| From Canada || [[ABS]] || $24.99 for (1kg) ABS Spools, $54.99 for 2kg/8 colors value pack "Rainbow Pack" || Many colors of ABS in stock. 1.75mm Rainbow Pack colors pre-rolled onto spools ready to use right out of the box. Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Black White. Ships from Canada. Will ship from US soon. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://SeeMeCNC.com SeeMeCNC] || From USA || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]]<br>[[Taulman 618]]<br>[[Taulman 645]] || $39 for 2# (1kg) ABS Spools, $24 for 1# Taulman 618 Spools || Many colors of ABS in stock. Taulman Nylon in BOTH 1.75mm AND 3mm. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.sainsmart.com/other-1/3d-priting-material.html SainSmart 3D Priting.] || From US,Germany,UK,China || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $40/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3ddynamix Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>Sold by the Kg. Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red. Free Shipping to USA, $5 to other countries. <Personal experience> The white PLA I orderd from SainSmart was of low quality. It had bulges that jammed my extruder and did not work well when printed below ~48 mm/sec, making it unsutable of single prints of small objects. Would not buy again. </Personal experience><br />
|-<br />
| [http://supply3dpla.com Supply3DPLA.com] || From SWEDEN || [[PLA]] || €19.5 for 1.0 kg and very likely €39 for 2.3 Kg translucent soon || We are expanding to '''Black, Red, Green. White, Yellow, Blue, Purple, Orange''' and '''Silver''' as standard in standard assortment. More to come. Extensive testing done by our testers and by us who also are active in 3D printing ourself! TRANSLUCENT filament supplier is set, we will be selling from a second source soon! Now we also have sale by the meter.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://toybuilderlabs.com ToybuilderLabs.com] || From USA (CA) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || Most items $42 for 1.0 kg. || -[[FilamentReviewsToybuilderlabs|Reviews]]-<br>PLA available in 15 colors. ABS available in 13 colors. Spooled on wider-diameter spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.pp3dp.com/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=3&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=37&vmcchk=1&Itemid=37 PP3DP] || From China || [[ABS]] || $44 /kg ($23 /lb) + $12 Shipping)|| Sold as 2x700g=3.1lb rolls. White<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.villageplastics.com Village Plastics]<br />[[File:VillagePlastics-3DPrint_RGB.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[HIPS]] || Call for quote || Great selection of colors including Glow in the Dark! <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.voxelfactory.com Voxel Factory] || From Canada || [[ColorFabb PLA/PHA compound]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Taulman Nylon 645]] || $31-42/kg || Yellow, Green, Red, Orange, Black, White, '''Glowing Green and Glowing Blue''' 1Kg spool<br /> Check our new [http://www.voxelfactory.com/collections/colorfabb-1-75mm-filament-on-spool ColorFabb 1.75mm filament]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.weistek.net/?q=node/12 WeisTek.net] || From China || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel || In 1kg and 2.3kg roll. many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/wtuymqve/ wtuymqve] (Xin Yu Da Plastic) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $42/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsXinYuDa|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapteile.de/filament/pla.html?___store=en Reprapteile] || Germany || [[PLA]] || we sell by the meter - from 0,09 €/m <br> 33-37 €/kg || 17 Colors, Laywoo-d3 and Nylon 618<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==3mm diameter filament==<br />
<br />
''Please keep the tables in alphabetical order.''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''3mm dia filament'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /kg !! [[FilamentReviewsNewCompanyTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.2printbeta.de 2PrintBeta] || From Germany || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $41-59/kg €32-46/kg £27-38/kg || -[[FilamentReviews2PrintBeta|Reviews]]-<br>In 100 m and 300m roll. Many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available. <br />
<br />
Avoid. 3mm filament diameter variability is 2.85mm to 3.3mm, the translucent green had some sort of seeds in it causing jams. Translucent blue is filled with bubbles. Contacted 2printbeta but mail went unanswered.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3d2print.net 3D2PRINT - Creating the 3rd dimension][[File:3d2print.jpg]] || From Germany and Denmark to Worldwide || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || from €16,76/kg ex VAT. ||43 variants in stock for immediate shipping. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/abs/ ABS] and [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/pla/ PLA] in plain vivid colors: Black, Blue, Gold, Green, Grey, Orange, Red, Pink, Purple, Transparent, Silver, White and Yellow a.o. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green/Yellow/Red); Temperature sensitive Filament (Blue green to Yellow green/Dark gray to white/Purple to pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
Great discounts available on [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/product-category/kits/ Saver Packs].<br />
<br />
Professional shipping to worldwide destinations.<br />
<br />
EU VAT exemption for business customers and outside EU. <br />
<br />
[http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/astm/ ASTM test results] available. [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/ul-94-test-results/ UL-94 HB] compliant. Need to identify if its ABS or PLA you got in your hands? [http://www.3d2print.net/shop/filament/filament-burn-test/ Filament Burn Test].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3ddynamics.co.uk 3D Dynamix Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || From £30/kg <br> £0.30/meter || -[[FilamentReviews3ddynamix Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>UK supplier, Sold by the Kg and by the meter. A top Quality supply of coloured PLA and ABS. Low cost delivery.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3distributed.com/products/taulman-3d-nylon-618 3Distibuted] || From UK to Worldwide || Taulman 618 Nylon || £28/lb || Next day Shipping. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dkarma.com 3DKarma] || From UK || [[PLA]] || from £18.11/kg ex tax || Black, blue, red, green, yellow, white, grey, silver, glow-in-the-dark and natural (translucent) available in 1.0kg and 2.3kg spools. Constantly expanding colour and product range (PLA, ABS and PVA).<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dmakerworld.com/plastic-filament 3D Maker World] [[File:3DMakerWorld.png]] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $42 for 1kg, $40 for 2kg <br> (SUMMER SALE till 8/31/2013: <br>$35.70 for 1kg, $68 for 2kg) || NatureWorks IngeoTM 4043D PLA. (Note: NatureWorks and IngeoTM are trademarks or registered trademarks of NatureWorks LLC.) <br> Premium quality. Made in the USA. Shipping Worldwide.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprintergear.com.au 3DPrinterGear] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || AU$40-59/kg Free shipping || -[[FilamentReviews3DPrinterGear|Reviews]]-<br>Available in 1kg spools. natural, clear, Crysta-Line blue/yellow/red, white, green, yellow, purple, orange, red, pink, blue, black, grey, glow in dark blue.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dprinterhub.com/3d-printer-store/3d-print-materials 3D Printer Hub] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || $30/kg || 1kg spools: white, black, red, blue, natural, yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.3dprinterstuff.com/shop/page/4?shop_param= 3D Printer Stuff] || From USA || [[ABS]] || $29/kg €23/kg £19/kg ||-[[FilamentReviews3DPrinterStuff.com|Reviews]]- <br />
Available in 1lb (0.5kg), 2lb (1kg), and 5lb (2.5kg) spools. Colors : Red, orange, yellow, green, olive, sky blue, navy blue, purple, rust, white, natural, black.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://3dtec.ch 3dtec.ch] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || > 34 sFr/kg excl. tax || Natureworks PLA, ABS more than 20 different types and colours like blue,green,yellow,red,gold,silver,pink,white,black and specials like fluorescent, glow in the dark, conductive,translucent and many others available in 1.0kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.a2aprinter.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=25 A2APrinter] || From Canada || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $36 - 38/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsA2APrinter|Reviews]]-<br>White, Yellow, Black<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.ca/s/ref=sr_nr_p_4_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A3006902011%2Cp_4%3AJet+3D&bbn=3006902011&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1360684583&rnid=3189287011 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Canada] || Free shipping within Canada || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.fr/s/ref=sr_nr_p_6_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A192419031%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09&bbn=192419031&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194579&rnid=193648031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon France] || From France to all EU countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.de/s/ref=sr_nr_p_6_0?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A192416031%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09&bbn=192416031&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351114241&rnid=193506031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon Germany] || From Germany to all EU countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=sr_nr_p_76_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A560798%2Cp_6%3AA3O0PXMSKL3Z09%2Cp_76%3A419159031&bbn=560798&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1347553808&rnid=419157031 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon UK] || From UK to all European Countries || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || £32/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg spool. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. FREE shipping to 26 European countries, including UK, Germany, France, Italy, etc. Returns allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_nr_p_n_availability_1?rh=k%3Aabs+filament%2Cn%3A16310091%2Cp_4%3A3D+Printer+Supplies&bbn=16310091&keywords=abs+filament&ie=UTF8&qid=1351194507 3D Printer Supplies @ Amazon] || From USA || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $18-35/kg || -[[FilamentReviews3D Printer Supplies Amazon|Reviews]]-<br>1kg/1.5kg spool rod. Many colors:natural,white, red, black, yellow,orange, green, blue, silver, gold, grey, Glow in Dark -Blue, Glow in Dark -Green, etc. 1.7mm/3mm ABS/PLA. Immediate shipping from USA. Worldwide shipping. Free shipping possible through Amazon Fullfill Prime. Return allowed.<br />
|-<br />
| [mailto:sder4552@usyd.edu.au Australia 3D Printer Supplies] || From Australia || [[ABS]] || $22/kg (AUD)|| -[[FilamentReviewsAustralia 3D Printer Supplies|Reviews]]-<br>Available in 1.5kg spools. Colors : Black, Red, Orange, Blue. Ships from Australia. Website: https://sites.google.com/site/australian3dprinters/3d-printer-filament Local pickup available from Sydney.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.bcndynamics.com/en/7-plastics BCNdynamics] || From Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || €29,5/kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsBCNdynamics|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg rolls. PLA and ABS 3mm in different colors <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/catalog/materials Bits From Bytes] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[HDPE]], [[LDPE]], [[PLA]], [[PP]], [[uPVC]] ||$62-73/kg €49-57/kg £40-47/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsBits From Bytes|Reviews]]-<br>In 1kg or 2kg rolls depending on material<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.buy3dink.com/ Buy 3D Ink] || From USA || [[ABS]] <br> [[PLA]]|| $12-35/kg €10-28/kg £8-23/kg ABS <br> $20-35/kg €16-27/kg £13-23/kg PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsBuy 3D Ink|Reviews]]-<br>Black, orange, green, clear<br />
|-<br />
| [http://botmill.com/index.php/materials.html BotMill] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $33/kg €26/kg £22/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsBotMill|Reviews]]-<br>Min 1lb (0.5kg) order. Worldwide shipping <br> Large variety of low-cost colored ABS and PLA<br>Terra Cotta, Orange, Light Blue, Olive Drab, Dark Grey<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.bio-bp.com/e_productshow/?50-PLA-3mm-3D-filament-50.html Bio-BP] || From China|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg <br> (+$5-10/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentReviewsBio-BP|Reviews]]-<br>Yellow, Green, Red<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.cd-writer.com/3dprinting.php CD-writer.com] || From UK || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €26/kg £22/kg 1kg/spool||-[[FilamentReviewsCD-writer.com|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink, Glow in the Dark, More) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink, Glow in the Dark, More). All of our product is held in our London based warehouse, available to collect of next day delivery. <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.charlies3dtechnologies.eu/Filament/cat1675912_1795848.aspx Charlie's 3D Technologies] || From Belgium (BEL) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €26/kg <br> ||- / -<br> White/Black/Blue/Yellow/Green/Nuclear Green/Red/...<br />
|-<br />
| [http://colorfabb.com ColorFabb] || Netherland || PLA/PHA || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| [http://croxwordz.blogspot.com Croxword] || From Taiwan || [[ABS]] || $17/kg €14/kg £11/kg <br> (+$14 Shipping)||-[[FilamentReviewsCroxword|Reviews]]-<br> White/Black/Blue/Yellow<br />
|-<br />
| [http://czechreprap.eu czechreprap.eu] || From Czech (EU) || [[ABS]] || $20/kg €15/kg £12/kg || -[[FilamentReviews|Reviews]]-<br>White / Black / Blue / Green / Red / Orange / Green<br />
|-<br />
| [http://diamondage.co.nz/pla.html Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || From NZ || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], IMPLA, HIPLA, HIPS, PETG etc. || NZ$33/kg $26/kg €21/kg £17/kg PLA <br> NZ$50/kg $39/kg €31/kg £26/kg ABS <br> Shipping : $10 to NZ (shipping + GST), ~NZ20$ per roll to Europe/US, less to Australia. || -[[FilamentReviewsDiamond Age Solutions Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>~0.8kg for a 100 meter roll. Spools avail. Many colours, metallic fx & luminous + parts. 11th roll is free<br/>Contact vik [at] diamondage.co.nz<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.easysolid.com Easysolid] || From Barcelona, Spain || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || 21€/kg PLA&ABS || 1kg. Spools. Different colors available. Low shipping costs.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.eckertech.com EckerTech Inc.] || From Canada || [[ABS]] || $75 per 5lb spool || 3mm ABS (Natural, Black, Green, Blue, Red, Silver, Yellow)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap-france eMotion Tech] || From France || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $32/kg €24.90/kg £20.7/kg || -[[FilamentReviewseMotion Tech|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg roll. Red / White / Black mixed sets are available. Low shipping costs.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://esun.en.alibaba.com/product/472333729-212653045/productdetail.html Esun, Alibaba]|| From China || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $14-19/kg €11-15 £9-13/kg <br> (+$5-8/kg Shipping)|| -[[FilamentEsunplaReviews|Reviews]]-<br>black ,white, transparent,blue,red, yellow,green.pretty color,absolutely round shape,accurate diameter,no bubble,stable viscosity and melting point.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabber-parts.de/shop fabber-parts] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20~24 /kg 1kg/spool|| -[[FilamentReviewsfabber-parts|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.fabberworld.com fabberworld.com] || From Switzerland || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €29 /kg 1kg/spool||-[[FilamentReviewsfabberworld.com|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/ Faberdashery Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]] || Sold by the meter - From £0.26/m <br> ~$37-50/kg ~€29-39/kg £24-32/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsFaberdashery Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>An emporium of colored PLA, sold by the meter or in 100m coils <br> Pack with 10m of 10 colors also available (£30) [http://www.faberdashery.co.uk/products-page/print-materials/rainbow-fun-pack/ Rainbow Fun Pack]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://fabricationsofthemind.com/shop/abs/ Fabrications Of The Mind] || From UK || [[ABS]] || £20 /kg for 1kg <br> £16 /kg for 2kg (£31.95) <br> £13 /kg for 5kg (£64.95) ||-[[FilamentReviewsFabrications Of The Mind|Reviews]]-<br>Stocks getting very low. Wide range of spooled premium quality in various colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://filamentprint.com/ FilamentPrint Ltd.] || From UK || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Bespoke materials]] || £18/100m || -[[FilamentReviewsFilamentPrint Ltd.|Reviews]]-<br>UK manufactured, Sold by the Reel and shorter lengths. A Quality supply of colored PLA and ABS. Now using a low cost carrier to keep the cost economical. Direct to public of OEM grade, own brand material.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.formfutura.com Formfutura] <br> <br> [[File:Official_logo_FormFutura-small.jpg]]|| From Netherlands || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Flexible PLA]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[Taulman 618 Nylon]] || Spool-wrapped for '''€26.45/kg''' || -[[FilamentReviewsFormfutura|Reviews]]-<br> Premium quality ABS and PLA filaments available in 1.75mm and 3.0mm diameter. <br> All filaments are available per 1kg spool '''(€26.45)''' <br> Colours available: Black, White, Red, Blue, Yellow, Transparent, Green, Grey. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/wood-1.75mm-3mm/laywoo-d3.html LAYWOO-D3] wooden filament available per 250 grams coil for '''€20.95'''. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/nylon-1.75mm-3mm/taulman-618.html Taulman 618] Nylon filament available for '''€34.94''' per 450 grams spool. <br> <br> Now also 1.75mm and 3.0mm [http://www.formfutura.com/3d-printing/filaments/eco-flexible-pla-1.75mm-3mm/black.html Flexible PLA] Flex EcoPLA filament available for '''€34.94''' per 500 grams spool. <br> <br>Worldwide shipping!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.igo3d.com iGo3D] <br> <br> [[File:logo_igo3dx250.png]] || From Germany|| [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman 3D 645 Nylon]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || '''23€/kg''' for PLA and ABS, '''26€/450g''' for Taulman Nylon|| <br> '''First Reseller of Taulman Nylon 3D 618 Nylon in Germany''' [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-618-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for '''€26.00 per 450 grams spool.''' <br> <br> Also Taulman Nylon 3D 645 Nylon [http://www.igo3d.com/filaments/special-filaments/taulman-645-nylon-1-75mm.html Taulman 3D 618 Nylon] Taulman filament available for €26.00 per 450 grams spool. <br> <br>Located in Oldenburg, Germany<br />
|-<br />
| [https://grrf.de/de/catalog/verbrauchsmaterial German RepRap GmbH] || From Germany || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PS]] [[Wood]]|| €25-€34/kg : €55-€75 for 2.2kg PLA <br> €22.73/kg : €50 for 2.2kg ABS || -[[FilamentReviewsGerman RepRap Foundation|Reviews]]-<br> On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping. Also have soft PLA<br />
|-<br />
| [http://thefutureis3d.com/node/113 Future is 3D, The] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || Sold by the Reel - $33/kg || -[[FilamentReviews Future is 3D, The|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://gadgets3d.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=60 GADGETS3D.com] || From Poland (EU) || [[PLA]] || $29.99 USD/kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsGADGETS3D.com|Reviews]]-<br> On spools for a better unrolling. Worldwide shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://handmadecircuits.com Handmade Circuits] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $40-$50 per 100m coil, $45 ten color sample pack || -[[FilamentReviewsHandmade Circuits|Reviews]]-<br>Many Assorted Colors, currently running $35 Sample Pack Special <br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ic3dprinters.com IC3D] || From Ohio, USA || [[ABS]] || from $17.50 per lb ($38.50 per kg) || -[[FilamentReviews_IC3D|Reviews]]-<br> Clear, Natural, Black, Red, Orange, Blue, Green ABS in 2lb spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.imprimante3dfrance.com imprimante3DFrance.com] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman3D 618 Nylon]] || 24,20€/kg || Located near Paris<br />
|-<br />
| [http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=171016498252 KBell Enterprises] || From Missouri, USA || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $28/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsKBell|Reviews]]-<br>Black, White, Red, Blue, Fluorescent Yellow. Free shipping in the US.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://kdipolymerspecialists.co.uk KDI Polymer Specialist Ltd] <br> [http://www.amazon.co.uk/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=KDI&index=electronics-uk&search-type=ss KDI @ Amazon] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.75 - 34.00/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsKDI Polymer Specialist Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>1kg reel. Translucent green, red and blue, all standard colours available bespoke colours on request <br> All with Free UK Shipping, trade enquiries welcome.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.kentstrapper.blogspot.com Kent's Strapper] || From Italy (EU) || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || €45 , a partire da 45€ ||-[[FilamentReviewsKent's Strapper|Reviews]]-<br>colori standard e ricercati, many colours<br />
|-<br />
| [http://lybina.com/ Lybina Pty Ltd] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[HDPE]], [[PP]], [[PVC]] || $32 /kg ($16 /lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsLybina Pty Ltd|Reviews]]-<br>50 meter Coil (~1lb) and Bagged + GST + Transport. Contact Through Website [http://lybina.com/contact-us.html Lybina Contact Us Page] <br> Credit Card Facilities Available<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.lulzbot.com/?q=catalog/plastic-filament LulzBot] || From USA and UK || [[ABS]], [[Laywoo-D3]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Polycarbonate]]|| $45 /kg ($20 /lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsLulzbot|Reviews]]-<br>Now carrying Laywoo-D3 Wood Filament and Taulman 618 Nylon filament <br> 15 different color options for ABS including Glow In The Dark. <br> Multiple payment options available. <br> Ships from the US and the UK with Ground or Expedited shipping<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic.html Makerbot] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]] || $43 - 55/kg ($21 - $28/lb) ABS <br> $43 /kg ($21 /lb) PLA <br> $32 /lb ($64/kg) PVA|| -[[FilamentReviewsMakerbot|Reviews]]-<br>Ships same day, Worldwide, [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic/1-75mm-filament.html 1.75mm] [http://store.makerbot.com/plastic/3mm-filament.html 3mm], Lots of colors and variety, high tolerance, custom manufactured. Fluorescent too!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makerfarm.com/ MakerFarm] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 39/kg ($13.8/lb) || -[[FilamentReviewsMakerFarm|Reviews]]-<br>Most orders ship same day, Worldwide, [http://www.makerfarm.com/index.php/abs-filament.html], ABS, PLA, 1.75mm, 3mm, 1kg Spool, 5lb Spools, Many colors plus Glow in the Dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.makergear.com/products/filament MakerGear] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]]|| $30 - 50/kg ($15 - 25/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMakerGear|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/3d-printer-filament MatterHackers] || From USA || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Laywoo-D3]]|| From $35/kg + FREE US SHIPPING ($16/lb)|| -[[FilamentReviewsMatterHackers|Reviews]]-<br>Orders shipped USPS Priority mail, often same day.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mendel-parts.com/index.php/catalog/pla-filament/3mm-filament.html Mendel-Parts.com] || From Netherlands || [[PLA]]<br> & soon [[ABS]] || €25 - 27/kg PLA || -[[FilamentReviewsMendel-Parts.com|Reviews]]-<br>6 colors <br> Worldwide shipping with UPS - 3days max<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.net Mexhibit3Druck] [[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Germany || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| > €21/ kg || 11 colors<br/>EU shipping, shipping upon 4,9 EUR - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.mexhibit.ch Mexhibit][[File:3D_Drucker_Filaments.jpg]] || From Switzerland || [[PLA]] <br>& [[ABS]] <br>& [[PVA]] <br>& [[Nylon]] <br>& [[Wood, Laywood, Laybrick]]|| >sFr 35/kg || 11 colors<br/>Swiss shipping, shipping upon 6 CHF - meXhibit is your first class choice for reliable quality and consultancy within rapid prototyping and 3d printing since 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.newimageplastic.com New Image Plastics] <br> [http://www.plasticweldingrod.com/ Plastic welding rod] <br> [http://www.3dprinterfilament.com/ 3D Printer Filament] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PVC]], [[HDPE]], [[PLA]] || $16 /kg ($8 /lb) ABS || -[[FilamentReviewsNew Image Plastics|Reviews]]- <br>Min 10lb (~5kg) order. Delivery on small orders tends to take several weeks <br> Call Donna at +1 (330) 854-3010 and tell them Forrest or RepRap sent you <br> Apparently, they do not sell PLA (8/29/11: Donna said they don't stock it) but can extrude PLA supplied by a customer. .<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ohin.cz ohin.cz] || From Czech (EU) || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || 650CZK/kg || Variety of colors, on 1kg spools.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.onlinefilament.com/ Online Filament] || From USA || [[ABS]]. [[PLA]]|| $42/kg shipped || -[[FilamentReviewsOnlineFilament|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.orbi-tech.de/shop/Plastic-Welding-Rod:::30.html Orbi-Tech] || From Germany || [[ABS]], [[ASA]], [[PA]], [[PC]], [[PE]], [[PLA]], [[PP]], [[PS]], [[TPE]] || ??? || -[[FilamentReviews_Orbi-Tech|Reviews]]-<br>Not all materials are available in 3mm though. (''and Hey.. Got a drillpress? Make your own hotend, change a filament dia. setting in your slicer, print (hopefully) and share your knowledge on the wiki!'')<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.ordsolutions.com/SearchResults.asp?Cat=1819 ORD Solutions][[File:Filament_colours_200px.jpg]] || From '''Canada''' || [[PLA]], [[ABS]] || $29CAD/kg || natural, white, black, red, blue, yellow, green, orange, purple, pink, grey, brown, glow in dark<br />
|-<br />
| [http://store.ozreprap.com Oz Reprap Supplies] || From Australia || [[PLA]] [[ABS]] || $30 / kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsOz Reprap Supplies|Reviews]]-<br> 1kg and 2.5kg rolls. Many colours.<br />
|- <br />
| [http://www.pieces-reprap.fr Paoparts] || From France|| [[PLA]] [[ABS]]|| €24 /kg ||-[[FilamentReviewsPaoparts|Reviews]]-<br> In 1kg or 1,5kg roll. Many Colors 3mm and 1.75mm<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastic2print.com Plastic2Print] [[File:Plastic2Print_Logo-3.jpg| 210px|top|Plastic2Print]]|| From the Netherlands ||[[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman 618]], [[Taulman 645]], [[PET]], [[PVA]], [[Flex polyester]] || €21-50/kg || Complete range of 3mm 3D printing filaments from regular [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=126 ABS]] and [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=129 PLA]] to [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=189 Nylon/Polyamid]]. Our portfolio includes high tech materials like strong and lightweight [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=202 PET]], flexible Polyester [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=125 FPE]], water soluble [[http://www.plastic2print.com/eu/filament.html?material=127 PVA]] and woodlike [[http://www.plastic2print.com/nl/filament.html?material=201 LayWood]].<br />
<br />
<br>Sold on 0.25 0.5 1.5, 2.0 or 2.3 kg/spool; UPS Worldwide (Express) Shipping<br><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.plastireal.com.br Plastireal] || From Brazil || [[PVC]] [[HDPE]] [[PP]] || R$20 /kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPlastireal|Reviews]]-<br>São Paulo store<br />
|-<br />
| [http://printallthethings.com Print All the Things!!!] || From Spain || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || 18 € / kg || Lots of colors!! Fast shipping.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://shop.printbl.com printbl.com] || From USA || [[PLA]] || $48 / kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPrint Plastic|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.printplastic.eu/ Print Plastic] || From EU || [[PLA]] || 26.96 € / kg || -[[FilamentReviewsPrint Plastic|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.protoparadigm.com/ ProtoParadigm] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $38.50 / 2LB || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoParadigm|Reviews]]-<br>Better Results with Industry Leading Quality <br> Education Pricing <br> Amazing Colors on 2LB, 5LB 10LB spools <br> Custom Work Available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://myworld.ebay.com/protoprinter ProtoPrinter] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $28/kg + $13 shipping || -[[FilamentReviewsProtoPrinter|Reviews]]-<br><br />
|-<br />
| [http://prototyp3d.com.au Prototyp3d] || From Australia || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $30/kg || Discounts offered to members of HSBNE, or just whoever goes to the tuesday open nights. Contact us on skype at prototyp3d<br />
|-<br />
| [http://qdtsd.en.alibaba.com/productgrouplist-210256164/Plastic_Welding_rods.html#products Qingdao TSD Plastic Co., Ltd.] || From China || [[ABS]] [[HDPE]] [[PE]] [[PP]] [[PVC]] || ? || -[[FilamentReviews Qingdao TSD Plastic Co|Reviews]]-<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.replicatorwarehouse.com Replicator Warehouse (Online / London Store) ] || From UK (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £29.95/kg ABS or PLA <br> £34.95 Glow in the dark PLA|| -[[FilamentReviewsReplicatorWarehouse|Reviews]]-<br>1kg rolls 3mm and 1.75mm in stock (blue, red, white, green, yasmin green, orange, pink)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.cc RepRap Austria] || From Austria (EU) || [[ABS]] || €19,99/kg ABS <br> || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapAustria|Reviews]]-<br>2kg rolls 3mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow,white)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprap.me '''RepRap.me'''] [[File:Colors.jpg]] || From Denmark || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $29/kg || 23 different colors and many specials (1kg spools)<br />
ABS and PLA in plain vivid colors in stock: Black, Blue, Brown, Gold, Green, Grey, Nature, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Silver, White, Wood, Yellow and Transparent. <br />
<br />
Also in stock is 3D printer filament in unusual and exciting colors. Fluorescence Filament (Blue/Green); Temperature sensitive Filament (Green-->Yellow/Gray-->White/Purple-->Pink); Conductive (used for antistatic, static dissipative, conduction of electric current and screen of electromagnetic interference shielding); Glow in Dark Filament (Green/Blue); Galaxy Blue Night Sky; and others<br />
<br />
<br>World-wide shipping available.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.reprapbcn.com RepRapBCN] || From Barcelona (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €16/kg PLA & ABS <br> || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapBCN|Reviews]]-<br>1 and 2,3 kg rolls 3mm & 1,75mm in stock (blue, red, green, black, yellow, white, blue)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapcentral.com RepRapCentral.com] || From UK || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || £30 - 36/kg 5lb spool <br> £30 - 66/kg 1lb coil || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapCentral.com|Reviews]]-<br>Black/White ABS, Premium/Translucent PLA, Translucent Green, Translucent Blue, Orange, Purple, Yellow, Red, Bright Blue and a striking lime green. Next Day Shipping! (where stated), Worldwide shipping. [http://www.reprapcentral.com All Filaments]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapsource.com/en/shop/list/198 RepRapSource] || From Germany || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || €24 - 30/kg ABS <br> €29 - 32 /kg PLA ||-[[FilamentReviewsRepRapSource|Reviews]]-<br> For a 5lb roll. Different colours available<br />
|-<br />
| [http://RepRapKit.com RepRapKit.com] || From UK || [[ABS]]<br>[[PLA]] || from £18.78/kg inc Discount || -[[FilamentReviewsRepRapKit.com|Reviews]]-<br>Premium quality on spool. Limited stocks at present. Wide range of colours in transit for June delivery - 20% pre-order Discount.<br />
|-<br />
|[http://www.repraper.com Repraper Tech] (aka RepRap-walmart) || From China || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || $14~16 /kg 1kg/spool(can be customization), within 1 week delivery|| -[[FilamentReviewsRepRaper|Reviews]]-<br>PLA (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink) ABS (Nature, White, Green, Blue, Red, Orange, Black, Yellow, Gold, Silver, Grey, Pink)<br />
|-<br />
|[http://reprapworld.com/?searchresults&cPath=1590 RepRapWorld] || From Netherlands || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] || €20 /kg (9.98 for a 500g coil)||-[[FilamentReviewsRepRapWorld|Reviews]]-<br> PLA (Blue, Red, Black, Yellow) ABS (Black, White)<br />
|-<br />
| [http://rp3d.com rp3d.com] || From China || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || $15 /kg || many colors, Available in White, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow, Red.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://seemecnc.com SeeMeCNC] || From USA || [[PLA]]<br>[[Taulman 618]]<br>[[Taulman 645 soon]] || $39 for 2# (1Kg) spools of ABS/PLA, $24 for 618 and $32 for 645 Taulman<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [http://supply3dpla.com Supply3DPLA.com] || From Sweden || [[PLA]] || €39 for 2.5Kg spool or €15.6 / Kg <br> we also have odd PLA from €12/Kg || -[[FilamentReviewsSupply3dPla|Reviews]]-<br> We are expanding to '''Black, Red, Green. Yellow, White, Blue, Puprle, Orange''' and '''Silver''' as standard in standard assortment. More to come. We also have our own testers as well as we are active in 3D printing our selfs.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://taulman3d.com taulman3d] || US || [[Polyamide]] (aka "[[Wikipedia:Nylon|Nylon]]")|| $19.75 á 1 pound (.45kg) & Shipping || -[[FilamentReviews_taulman3d|Reviews]]-<br> Polyamides prints can easily be coloured with standard fabric dyes (textile and paper acid based dyes). <br />
|- <br />
| Tianjin Wallbosen Industrial Co., Ltd || ?? || [[ABS]]|| ?? || -[[FilamentReviewsTianjin Wallbosen Industrial Co., Ltd|Reviews]]-<br />
|-<br />
| [http://toybuilderlabs.com ToybuilderLabs.com] || From USA (CA) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || Most items $42 for 1.0 kg. || -[[FilamentReviewsToybuilderlabs|Reviews]]-<br>PLA available in 15 colors. ABS available in 13 colors. Spooled on wider diameter spools to avoid tight coils.<br />
|- <br />
| [http://www.ultibots.com/filament.html Ultibots] || From USA || [[ABS]]|| $40 - 48/kg ($18 - $22/lb) ABS|| -[[FilamentReviews_Ultibots|Reviews]]-<br>Lots of colors, high tolerance, manufactured in USA. Fluorescent too!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://ultimachine.com/catalog/print-materials UltiMachine] || From USA || [[ABS]] [[PLA]] [[PVA]] [[Polycarbonate]] || $15 - $34 /lb ($33 - $75 /kg) || -[[FilamentReviewsUltimachine.com|Reviews]]-<br>Guaranteed satisfaction, wide selection of colors/materials/packaging, worldwide shipping - Free Samples!<br />
|-<br />
| [https://shop.ultimaker.com/en/consumables.html Ultimaker Shop] || From Netherlands (EU) || [[PLA]], [[ABS]], flexPLA || €28 - 41/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsUltimaker Shop|Reviews]]-<br>In 750g and 2.3 kg reels. We offer many different colors of high quality filament. All offered material are tested extensively.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.villageplastics.com Village Plastics]<br />[[File:VillagePlastics-3DPrint_RGB.png]] || From USA || [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[PVA]], [[HIPS]] || Call for quote || Great selection of colors including Glow in the Dark!<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.voxelfactory.com Voxel Factory] || From Canada || [[ColorFabb PLA/PHA Compound]], [[LAYWOO-D3]], [[ABS]], [[PLA]], [[Taulman Nylon 618]], [[Taulman Nylon 645]] || $27-42/kg || -[[FilamentReviewsVoxel Factory|Reviews]]-<br>Silver, Yellow, Green, Red, Orange, Black, White, '''Glowing Green and Glowing Blue''' 1Kg spool<br /> Check our new [http://www.voxelfactory.com/collections/colorfabb-3mm-filament-on-spool ColorFabb PLA/PHA 3mm filament]<br />
|-<br />
| [http://www.weistek.net/?q=node/8 WeisTek.net] || From China || [[PLA]],[[ABS]] || $10.9 - 19/kg + $5-8/kg freight in 2.5kg PLA reel || -[[FilamentReviewsWeisTek.net|Reviews]]-<br>Expensive shipping ($42) In 1KG and 2.5kg roll. Many colors, glow-in-the-dark, soft PLA and mixed sets are available<br />
|-<br />
| [https://kd85.com/makerbot.html Wim-kd85.com] || From Belgium (EU) || [[ABS]], [[PLA]] || €20 - 32/kg ABS <br> €26 /kg PLA || -[[FilamentReviewsWim-kd85.com|Reviews]]-<br>5lb rolls<br />
|-<br />
| [http://reprapteile.de/filament/pla.html?___store=en Reprapteile] || Germany || [[PLA]] || we sell by the meter - from 0,26 €/m <br> 33-37 €/kg || 17 Colors, Laywoo-d3 and Nylon 618<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Photopolymers - Resin=<br />
<br />
''Please keep the tables in alphabetical order.''<br />
<br />
==Photopolymers - Resin UV Cured==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''Photopolymers UV 385nm'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /L !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bucktownpolymers.com/polymer00.html Bucktown Polymers] || From USA || Several || $35 and up/kg || Quarts/Gallons/5Gal Pails/55Gal Drums. Process colors, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, White and many custom colors and effects.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Photopolymers - Visible Spectrum Cured==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ ''Photopolymers Visible Spectrum Cured'' ([[FilamentNewSupplierCompanyEntryTemplate|Template]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! Vendor (with link) !! Shipping location !! Material(s) !! Approximate costs $ € £ /L !! [[FilamentNewCompanyReviewTemplate|Review]] & Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://bucktownpolymers.com/polymer00.html Bucktown Polymers] || From USA || Several || $35 and up/kg || Quarts/Gallons/5Gal Pails/55Gal Drums. Process colors, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, White and many custom colors and effects.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=External resources=<br />
[http://www.3ders.org/pricecompare 3ders filament pricecomparison page]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Suppliers]]<br />
[[category:thermoplastic]]<br />
[[category:material]]<br />
[[category:photopolymers]]<br />
[[category:resin]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Talk:RepRap_Buyers%27_Guide&diff=95937Talk:RepRap Buyers' Guide2013-06-14T22:01:45Z<p>VikOlliver: /* How to get included into the RepRap Buyers' Guide */</p>
<hr />
<div>Remember guys, neutral voice, this is a wiki, not a Flea Market. -Neil/Spacexula<br />
<br />
== How to get included into the RepRap Buyers' Guide ==<br />
<br />
It's simple: please add your entry here in a new line. Take care to set to set your country right and also to put checkmarks (only) where they fit. Admins watch this talk page and will take the entry over to the main page after a review.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"<br />
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" | Vendor<br />
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" | Loc.<br />
! {{Vertical|2em|9em|&nbsp;Full&nbsp;Printer&nbsp;Kits}}<br />
! {{Vertical|2em|9em|&nbsp;Printed&nbsp;Parts&nbsp;Kits}}<br />
! {{Vertical|2em|9em|&nbsp;Electronics&nbsp;Kits}}<br />
! {{Vertical|2em|9em|&nbsp;Extruder/Hotends}}<br />
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" | Developers of ...<br />
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable" | Reviews and notes<br />
|-<br />
| [http://example-shop.com Example Shop] || AQ<br />
| || &#x2713; || ||<br />
| &lt;your genuine development(s), if any, here&gt; || None yet.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://diamondage.co.nz Diamond Age Solutions Ltd.] || AKL, NZ<br />
| &#x2713; || &#x2713; || || &#x2713;<br />
| [http://reprap.org/wiki/Rroofl Rroofl], [http://www.mindkits.co.nz/store/new-stuff/diamondmind-3d-printer DiamondMind], [http://diamondage.co.nz/?wpsc-product=hot-end-kit PTFE Hot End]|| None yet.<br />
|-<br />
| [http://mindkits.co.nz Mindkits Ltd.] || AKL, NZ<br />
| &#x2713; || || &#x2713; || <br />
| [http://www.mindkits.co.nz/store/new-stuff/diamondmind-3d-printer DiamondMind] || None yet.<br />
|-|}<br />
<br />
== various pages that list sellers ==<br />
<br />
There seem to be a bunch of wiki pages that list places where people can buy stuff related to building a RepRap (raw materials and "vitamins") or a RepStrap.<br />
<br />
* [[Mendel Buyers Guide]]<br />
* [[Mendel materials procurement]]<br />
* [[Mendel assembly data sheet]]<br />
* [[PartsSupplies]]<br />
* [[Suppliers]]<br />
* [[Frame material]]<br />
* [[Extruded Aluminum]]<br />
<br />
Should we merge some of these pages together?<br />
Or put an explanation on one of these pages that lists all the pages why each one exists?<br />
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 03:07, 11 April 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Hey guys! a bunch of useful information disappearred just now. Specifically, McMaster Carr entry had links to two specific steel rods. They were the cheapest in my area and they delivered them the same day. Are these not suitable anymore? --[[user: Prof_Braino]] Sept 17<br />
<br />
== Please add Metamáquina 3D as a brazillian supplier of RepRap kits and fully assembled printers. ==<br />
<br />
Please add Metamáquina 3D as a brazillian supplier of RepRap kits and fully assembled printers.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.metamaquina.com.br/produtos Metamáquina 3D] - [http://septictankmodern.com/?Portable_Toilet Toilet Portable]]São Paulo, Brazil<br />
: Please add an entry to the list above. It'll be reviewed and then moved to the actual page. [[User:Virtlink|Virtlink]] 15:21, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Hi ! Two companies I see missing : ==<br />
<br />
* In the US, Trinitylabs ( http://trinitylabs.com/ ) sells electronics ( currently out of stock though ) and mechanical parts.<br />
* In France, IpsoFactio ( http://shop.ipsofactio.com/en/ ) sells electronics, and is adding mechanical components in a few weeks.<br />
Thanks ! --[[User:Arthurwolf|Arthurwolf]] 11:54, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
: Please add the entries to the list above. They'll be reviewed and then moved to the actual page. [[User:Virtlink|Virtlink]] 15:21, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
:: Added them to the list, please tell me if anything needs correcting. --[[User:Arthurwolf|Arthurwolf]] 15:28, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
::: Thanks for the contribution. Moved both entries, except for the link to smoothieware.org. The Trinitylabs shop comes up with zero search results for this name. IpsoFactio has the board as the only product, but no hints on who runs the shop. smoothieware.org has no obvious links to a shop. To sum up: Which is ''your'' shop, ArthurWolf? --[[User:Traumflug|Traumflug]] 19:32, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
:::: None of those shops are "my shop". Trinitylabs is out of stock of smoothieboards atm, but they will have more soon. Ipsofactio is an offshoot from the local fablab. Both support Smoothie development. http://smoothieware.org/smoothieboard has a big red link to http://smoothieware.org/getting-smoothieboard , which lists both shops. Not sure why you took the link to smoothieware away ... --[[User:Arthurwolf|Arthurwolf]] 19:38, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
::::: I took the link away because this column is meant to list developers, not shop contents. Quite some RepRap developments are not listed there, because their developers don't run a shop. Prominent example: the Prusa Mendels. --[[User:Traumflug|Traumflug]] 19:59, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
:::::: I just did the schematic, Trinitylabs hired someone to do the smoothieboard pcb layout, paid for prototypes, tested them and handled the beta batch of boards and support for it. I think that qualifies them as developing it. Not sure you specifically, handling anything related to smoothieboard on this forum, is such a great idea. Maybe you could pass the matter along to another admin ? Thanks for publishing what you have. --[[User:Arthurwolf|Arthurwolf]] 20:06, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
:::::: Just to add to this ( after Traumflug added the section bellow about support ), I think what he's saying is relevant is lots of cases ( like for people paying a fee for Gen7 ), but here they did the actual development themseves. At least the current version of Smoothieboard ( it might be different for future revisons ) was created in big part in-house in Trinitylabs, by Trinitylabs employees. It's not about fees/financial contribution, it's about actual contribution to the project, with actual work. I think that qualifies them as developing it. --[[User:Arthurwolf|Arthurwolf]] 20:23, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Another admin, please chime in. Thanks. --[[User:Traumflug|Traumflug]] 20:19, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Please adjust entry for 2PrintBeta == <br />
<br />
Please adjust the entry for 2PrintBeta. We now provide full kits. But we dont provide printed parts anymore. Only casted parts are available.<br />
Thanks<br />
: Is your BetaPrusa the same as a regular Prusa iteration 2? [[User:Virtlink|Virtlink]] 15:21, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
: DONE. Thanks for the contribution. --[[User:Traumflug|Traumflug]] 19:42, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== How to support developers even better ==<br />
<br />
Following the discussion about TrinityLabs above, I'd appreciate a discussion on how to support RepRap developers even better. The "Developer of..." column is new in this revision of the guide and meant to distinguish shops just copying openly available developments (I tend to call then "copy shops") from those who also do active development for the RepRap community. Now [[User:ArthurWolf]] has brought up shops which don't do their own development, but "support" development. I guess, "support" means something like paying a fee per product sold or ordering shop supplies not at a manufacturer, but from the developer.<br />
<br />
As shops supporting development are undoubtly more valueable for the community, maybe even essential for the community to survive as an independent one, how can we get this into the picture? What's the measurement to avoid checkmark hunters (like e.g. donating $0.10 per product sold, just to get the check mark) versus highlighting noticeable support? Can we perhaps call out one of the support strategies to be a recommended standard for RepRap shops?<br />
<br />
--[[User:Traumflug|Traumflug]] 20:18, 14 June 2013 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: P.S.: After writing this ArthurWolf explained the situation: TrinityLabs is actually one of several of the [[SmoothieBoard]] developers (so far I considered him to be the only one), but he also asked to forward this to another admin, so I keep my hands still. Nevertheless I think the general scope of the topic here deserves a discussion. --[[User:Traumflug|Traumflug]] 20:41, 14 June 2013 (UTC)</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=DocumentationMain&diff=72759DocumentationMain2012-11-25T09:29:38Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Presentations and Talks */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Deprecated}}<br />
{{merge|Combinatorics Problem}}<br />
= Documentation =<br />
Warning, this page is utterly out of date.<br />
McWire->[[WolfStrap]]<br />
Darwin->[[Mendel]]<br />
etc->etc 2.0<br />
--[[User:Sebastien Bailard|Sebastien Bailard]] 02:33, 8 September 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Machines ==<br />
<br />
* [[RepRap Options]] - a page that describes whichever machine is currently a well-documented and recommended RepRap design. The designs typically assume you already have a RepRap available to build the next RepRap. (This is a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem).<br />
<br />
* [[What Tooling Do You Have]] - a page that helps you choose a bootstrap pathway towards building a RepRap when you don't already have a RepRap. Such bootstrap pathways typically involve building an intermediate RepStrap machine.<br />
<br />
* [[RepRap|RepRap]] - definition of a 'RepRap' machine<br />
* [[RepStrap|RepStrap]] - definition of a 'RepStrap' machine<br />
<br />
While the Mendel can already make some interesting objects, people (hopefully including yourself, dear reader) keep finding ways to push the boundaries of its capabilities and improve it in other ways.<br />
<br />
Some historically important and promising research developments include:<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapOneDarwin|RepRap "Darwin"]] - the first RepRap machine<br />
* [[RepStrap_1_0_Seedling|RepStrap "Seedling"]] - an easy to build RepStrap machine<br />
* Ed Sells: [[File:DocumentationMain-Thesis-EdSells-TowardsaSelf-ManufacturingRapidPrototypingMachine.pdf | Towards a Self-Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Machine]]: The birth of "Darwin": a thesis written on the development towards a self-replicating machine.<br />
<br />
* [[Mendel]]<br />
* [[WolfStrap]] - an easy to build RepStrap machine<br />
* [[McWire Cartesian Bot 1 2]]<br />
* [[Bonsai RepStrap]]<br />
<br />
Machines can be thought of as a "stack" of various components:<br />
the tool head, the positioning system, the electronics, the firmware, the software, ...<br />
<br />
== Positioning Systems ==<br />
<br />
The mechanics, also called the positioning system, are how you move the toolheads around in 3D space.<br />
<br />
One of the things we've striven for in this project to achieve modularity with our designs. The mechanical system is one system of a RepRap machine that is suitable for this. For a normal RepRap machine you have 3 Axes: X, Y, and Z. Regardless of which axis you place the build area on, and which axis you place the toolheads on, it all functions nearly identically regardless of which electronics system you are using.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapMechanics|Read more on the mechanical system]], or skip to the recommended [[McWire_Cartesian_Bot_1_2|McWire Cartesian Bot]].<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapMechanics|Mechanic System Overview]] - a comprehensive look at the various positioning systems.<br />
* [[AssemblingDarwinMachinery|Darwin's positioning system]] - this is the positioning system for Darwin.<br />
* [[McWire_Cartesian_Bot_1_2|McWire Cartesian Bot v1.2]] - this is the cartesian bot at the heart of RepStrap "Seedling"<br />
<br />
== Print Heads ==<br />
<br />
The toolheads are the things that actually lay down the build material.<br />
<br />
Currently, there is only one toolhead that is ready for general use, the Thermoplastic Extruder. However, eventually we would like to support many different toolheads from simple markers for drawing to support material extruders to paste extruder to lasers for cutting/sintering to wax deposition heads for doing metal casting. If you have a toolhead that does not heavily stress the cartesian bot, then it would be well suited for the RepRap platform.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapToolHeads|Read more on the toolheads system]] or skip to the [[RepRapOneDarwinThermoplastExtruder|Thermoplastic Extruder]].<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapToolHeads|Toolhead System Overview]] - a comprehensive look at the various toolheads RepRap supports.<br />
* [[ThermoplastExtruder_2_0|Thermoplastic Extruder v2.0]] - the most current version of our plastic extruder<br />
* [[SupportExtruder_1_0|Support Extruder v0.1]] - our new support material extruder<br />
* [[PrintingMaterials|Types of Plastic and Printing Materials]] - all our information on printing materials<br />
* [[FutureToolIdeas|Future Toolhead Ideas]] - our little place for speculation and brainstorming<br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
The electronics are the brains of a RepRap system.<br />
<br />
The electronics system is another area that is suited for modularity. There are basically two interfaces between the various systems: the computer/RepRap interface and the electronics/machine interface. These are generally the same regardless of which system of electronics you are using.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapElectronics|Read more on the electronics system]] or skip to the recommended [[Generation2Electronics|Arduino based electronics]].<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapElectronics|Electronics Overview]] - a birds eye view of the electronics subsystems.<br />
* [[Generation1Electronics|1st Gen. PIC Based Electronics]] - older boards (Universal Controller stuff)<br />
* [[Generation2Electronics|2nd Gen. Arduino Based Electronics]] - more modular system based on arduino<br />
* [[Generation3Electronics|3rd Gen. Sanguino Based Electronics]] - latest electronics. supports multiple printheads.<br />
<br />
== Software ==<br />
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/reprap/ Sourceforge] - this is who hosts our project<br />
* [[Subversion|Subversion Repository]] - instructions on how to publicly access our code<br />
<br />
* Host Software<br />
** [[DriverSoftware|RepRap Control Software]] - The software that makes your RepRap print stuff.<br />
** [[LiveCDPage|LiveCD Instructions]] - We have a LiveCD which allows you to boot directly into a RepRap environment.<br />
** [http://reprap.org/apidocs/host/html/ Host Controller API] - details on how the host software is programmed<br />
** [http://www.replicat.org ReplicatorG] - A driver based machine controller that takes GCode files as input.<br />
<br />
* Firmware<br />
** [[Arduino_GCode_Interpreter|The G-code interpreter for the Arduino]]<br />
** [[SNAPComms|SNAP Protocol]] - how RepRap communicates with the electronics.<br />
** [[Modules|SNAP Commands and Modules]] - the various commands we have defined for communicating via SNAP.<br />
** Arduino Firmware<br />
*** [http://www.arduino.cc Arduino Homepage] - Arduino is an open source self-programming microprocessor board<br />
*** [[Generation2Electronics#Program_the_Arduino|Generation2Electronics#Program_the_Arduino]] - Programming the Arduino with our firmware<br />
<br />
<br />
** PIC Firmware<br />
*** [[Firmware build process|Overview of the firmware build process]] (is this the same as [[CygwinBuild#Build_Process]] ?)<br />
*** [[StripboardJDM|Make a JDM Programmer]] - A simple PIC programmer for bootstrapping a RepRap.<br />
*** [[PICProgrammer|PICProgrammer]] - what you use to program the chips with the firmware<br />
<br />
<br />
== Developer Documentation ==<br />
* [[AlreadyDoneList|Already Done List]] - There is quite a bit already done.<br />
* [[ToDoList|To Do List]] - There's still quite a bit left to do.<br />
* Design Hints for [http://www.artofillusion.org Art of Illusion] (AoI)<br />
** [[AoI|Basic Hints for AoI]]<br />
** [[GearDesignInAoI|Designing Cog Gears and Cog Gear Trains]]<br />
** [[InvoluteProfile1|Designing Involute Profile Gear Pairs]]<br />
** [[AoIOnWintel|Using AoI on Wintel machines]]<br />
* [[File:FFFDesignGuide.pdf|Ed's FFF design guide]]<br />
* [[StyleGuide|Style Guide]] - Keep it pretty =)<br />
* [[IOBox|IOBox]] Networked module that allows simple I/O for quick experimenting<br />
* [[RepRapLogo|The RepRap Logo]]<br />
* [[RPOrders|RP Orders for the RepRap team]]<br />
* Making SourceForge Releases<br />
** [[ElectronicsReleaseProcess|Electronics Release Process]]<br />
** [[FirmwareReleaseProcess|Firmware Release Process]]<br />
** [[HostSoftwareReleaseProcess|Host Software Releases]]<br />
** [[ObjectFileReleaseProcess|Object File Releases]]<br />
* [[CheltenhamScienceFestival2008Do-list|Cheltenham Science Festival 2008 Do-list]]<br />
<br />
== Economics ==<br />
* [http://members.axion.net/~enrique/reprap_economics.html Reprap Economics] - Javascript to estimate costs of Reprap fabrication <br />
<br />
<br />
== Presentations and Talks ==<br />
<br />
Here are the slides (usually in [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] format) for talks and presentations given by members of the RepRap team at conferences and meetings.<br />
<br />
* RepRap poster for use at conferences and exhibitions [[[[image:DocumentationMain-poster.odg|in OpenOffice format]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/poster.pdf|in pdf format]].|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-ios.odp|ios.odp]]: Adrian's slides for his talk at the Irish Open Source Technology Conference, 2008.|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reprap.odp|Slides]] in OpenOffice format for a talk on RepRap given at [http://www.dyson.co.uk/ Dyson] in April 2007 by Adrian Bowyer.|thumb]]<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/destruction.sxi Seminar slides]. These are the slides for a seminar on the project given at Bath University on 9 March 2005 by (AdrianBowyer).<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reflections-projections-2006-bowyer.odp|Moving Hardware Through the Wires]] - these are the slides for the talk on RepRap at the [http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/conference/2006/ Refelctions || Projections 2006] ACM conference given by (AdrianBowyer).|thumb]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
* And here's a [http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/conference/2006/video/UIUC-ACM-RP06-Bowyer.wmv video of Adrian Bowyer's Refelctions || Projections presentation] (150MB).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Based on the above, Vik Olliver's "Printing a penguin" presentation to [http://lca2007.linux.org.au/ LinuxConf Australia 2007] (LCA2007) in Sydney, January 2007 in [[[[image:DocumentationMain-printing_a_penguin_LCA_2007_Vik_Olliver.pdf|PDF]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/printing_a_penguin_LCA_2007_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]] formats. Also available as [http://mirror.linux.org.au/pub/linux.conf.au/2007/video/talks/23.ogg cross-platform video] (OGG).|thumb]]<br />
* Paper on [[[[image:DocumentationMain-sells-bowyer.doc|incorporating electrical conductors]] into polymer RP objects - Ed Sells & Adrian Bowyer: Directly incorporating electronics into conventional rapid prototypes, Proc. 7th National Conference on Rapid Design, Prototyping & Manufacturing, Centre for Rapid Design and Manufacture, High Wycombe, June 2006.|thumb]]<br />
* "Fabricating a Free World" Presentation for O'Reilly [http://conferences.oreillynet.com/os2007/ OSCON 2007] by Vik Olliver as [[[[image:DocumentationMain-RepRap_OSCON_2007_Vik_Olliver.pdf|PDF]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/RepRap_OSCON_2007_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]].|thumb]]<br />
* The [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reprap-short.odp|Open Office slides]] for Adrian's talk at Pop!Tech in October 2007.|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-Arduino_in_4D.odp|Open Office slides]] for LCA 2010 Arduino Evolution Presentation|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-Beyond_The_Pixel.odp|Open Office slides]] for LCA 2010 Beyond The Pixel - 2D & 3D CAD for eejits|thumb]]<br />
* RepRap Summary for Weltec in Hamilton 2012 by Vik Olliver as [[Media:RepRap_Hamilton_2012_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument Presentation]]<br />
<br />
== Archived Documentation ==<br />
<br />
Earlier versions of various RepRap documentation preserved here for historical reasons.<br />
<br />
* [http://reprap.org/Downloads/extruder/extruder.html Extruder Mk I]<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/report-01-04.doc Rapid Prototyped Electronic Circuits]. University of Bath Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical Report 01/04 in .doc format for Microsoft Word or OpenOffice. This is a detailed report on Stage One of the RepRap Project, which is now complete. (EdSells)<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/RPEC-manual.doc Rapid Prototyping Electronic Circuits: Supplementary Manual] in .doc format for Microsoft Word or OpenOffice. (EdSells)<br />
* Report in .doc format: [[AutomaticDepositionOfMoltenAlloyIntoACastingChannelToCreateAVerySimpleElectro-mechanicalComponent|Automatic deposition of molten alloy into a casting channel to create a (very) simple electro-mechanical component]] (May 2005). This was done on an axis designed for self-replication (EdSells).<br />
<br />
== ReallyOldStuff ==<br />
<br />
Here you can find stuff from the really early days of RepRap. It's been moved to [[ReallyOldStuff]] so the documentation page stays clear and concise.<br />
<br />
[[Category:RepRap machines]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:RepRap_Hamilton_2012_Vik_Olliver.odp&diff=72758File:RepRap Hamilton 2012 Vik Olliver.odp2012-11-25T09:06:30Z<p>VikOlliver: Summary of RepRap technology for a presentation to teaching staff at Weltec.</p>
<hr />
<div>Summary of RepRap technology for a presentation to teaching staff at Weltec.</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=DocumentationMain&diff=72757DocumentationMain2012-11-25T09:03:58Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Presentations and Talks */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Deprecated}}<br />
{{merge|Combinatorics Problem}}<br />
= Documentation =<br />
Warning, this page is utterly out of date.<br />
McWire->[[WolfStrap]]<br />
Darwin->[[Mendel]]<br />
etc->etc 2.0<br />
--[[User:Sebastien Bailard|Sebastien Bailard]] 02:33, 8 September 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Machines ==<br />
<br />
* [[RepRap Options]] - a page that describes whichever machine is currently a well-documented and recommended RepRap design. The designs typically assume you already have a RepRap available to build the next RepRap. (This is a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem).<br />
<br />
* [[What Tooling Do You Have]] - a page that helps you choose a bootstrap pathway towards building a RepRap when you don't already have a RepRap. Such bootstrap pathways typically involve building an intermediate RepStrap machine.<br />
<br />
* [[RepRap|RepRap]] - definition of a 'RepRap' machine<br />
* [[RepStrap|RepStrap]] - definition of a 'RepStrap' machine<br />
<br />
While the Mendel can already make some interesting objects, people (hopefully including yourself, dear reader) keep finding ways to push the boundaries of its capabilities and improve it in other ways.<br />
<br />
Some historically important and promising research developments include:<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapOneDarwin|RepRap "Darwin"]] - the first RepRap machine<br />
* [[RepStrap_1_0_Seedling|RepStrap "Seedling"]] - an easy to build RepStrap machine<br />
* Ed Sells: [[File:DocumentationMain-Thesis-EdSells-TowardsaSelf-ManufacturingRapidPrototypingMachine.pdf | Towards a Self-Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Machine]]: The birth of "Darwin": a thesis written on the development towards a self-replicating machine.<br />
<br />
* [[Mendel]]<br />
* [[WolfStrap]] - an easy to build RepStrap machine<br />
* [[McWire Cartesian Bot 1 2]]<br />
* [[Bonsai RepStrap]]<br />
<br />
Machines can be thought of as a "stack" of various components:<br />
the tool head, the positioning system, the electronics, the firmware, the software, ...<br />
<br />
== Positioning Systems ==<br />
<br />
The mechanics, also called the positioning system, are how you move the toolheads around in 3D space.<br />
<br />
One of the things we've striven for in this project to achieve modularity with our designs. The mechanical system is one system of a RepRap machine that is suitable for this. For a normal RepRap machine you have 3 Axes: X, Y, and Z. Regardless of which axis you place the build area on, and which axis you place the toolheads on, it all functions nearly identically regardless of which electronics system you are using.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapMechanics|Read more on the mechanical system]], or skip to the recommended [[McWire_Cartesian_Bot_1_2|McWire Cartesian Bot]].<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapMechanics|Mechanic System Overview]] - a comprehensive look at the various positioning systems.<br />
* [[AssemblingDarwinMachinery|Darwin's positioning system]] - this is the positioning system for Darwin.<br />
* [[McWire_Cartesian_Bot_1_2|McWire Cartesian Bot v1.2]] - this is the cartesian bot at the heart of RepStrap "Seedling"<br />
<br />
== Print Heads ==<br />
<br />
The toolheads are the things that actually lay down the build material.<br />
<br />
Currently, there is only one toolhead that is ready for general use, the Thermoplastic Extruder. However, eventually we would like to support many different toolheads from simple markers for drawing to support material extruders to paste extruder to lasers for cutting/sintering to wax deposition heads for doing metal casting. If you have a toolhead that does not heavily stress the cartesian bot, then it would be well suited for the RepRap platform.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapToolHeads|Read more on the toolheads system]] or skip to the [[RepRapOneDarwinThermoplastExtruder|Thermoplastic Extruder]].<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapToolHeads|Toolhead System Overview]] - a comprehensive look at the various toolheads RepRap supports.<br />
* [[ThermoplastExtruder_2_0|Thermoplastic Extruder v2.0]] - the most current version of our plastic extruder<br />
* [[SupportExtruder_1_0|Support Extruder v0.1]] - our new support material extruder<br />
* [[PrintingMaterials|Types of Plastic and Printing Materials]] - all our information on printing materials<br />
* [[FutureToolIdeas|Future Toolhead Ideas]] - our little place for speculation and brainstorming<br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
The electronics are the brains of a RepRap system.<br />
<br />
The electronics system is another area that is suited for modularity. There are basically two interfaces between the various systems: the computer/RepRap interface and the electronics/machine interface. These are generally the same regardless of which system of electronics you are using.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapElectronics|Read more on the electronics system]] or skip to the recommended [[Generation2Electronics|Arduino based electronics]].<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapElectronics|Electronics Overview]] - a birds eye view of the electronics subsystems.<br />
* [[Generation1Electronics|1st Gen. PIC Based Electronics]] - older boards (Universal Controller stuff)<br />
* [[Generation2Electronics|2nd Gen. Arduino Based Electronics]] - more modular system based on arduino<br />
* [[Generation3Electronics|3rd Gen. Sanguino Based Electronics]] - latest electronics. supports multiple printheads.<br />
<br />
== Software ==<br />
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/reprap/ Sourceforge] - this is who hosts our project<br />
* [[Subversion|Subversion Repository]] - instructions on how to publicly access our code<br />
<br />
* Host Software<br />
** [[DriverSoftware|RepRap Control Software]] - The software that makes your RepRap print stuff.<br />
** [[LiveCDPage|LiveCD Instructions]] - We have a LiveCD which allows you to boot directly into a RepRap environment.<br />
** [http://reprap.org/apidocs/host/html/ Host Controller API] - details on how the host software is programmed<br />
** [http://www.replicat.org ReplicatorG] - A driver based machine controller that takes GCode files as input.<br />
<br />
* Firmware<br />
** [[Arduino_GCode_Interpreter|The G-code interpreter for the Arduino]]<br />
** [[SNAPComms|SNAP Protocol]] - how RepRap communicates with the electronics.<br />
** [[Modules|SNAP Commands and Modules]] - the various commands we have defined for communicating via SNAP.<br />
** Arduino Firmware<br />
*** [http://www.arduino.cc Arduino Homepage] - Arduino is an open source self-programming microprocessor board<br />
*** [[Generation2Electronics#Program_the_Arduino|Generation2Electronics#Program_the_Arduino]] - Programming the Arduino with our firmware<br />
<br />
<br />
** PIC Firmware<br />
*** [[Firmware build process|Overview of the firmware build process]] (is this the same as [[CygwinBuild#Build_Process]] ?)<br />
*** [[StripboardJDM|Make a JDM Programmer]] - A simple PIC programmer for bootstrapping a RepRap.<br />
*** [[PICProgrammer|PICProgrammer]] - what you use to program the chips with the firmware<br />
<br />
<br />
== Developer Documentation ==<br />
* [[AlreadyDoneList|Already Done List]] - There is quite a bit already done.<br />
* [[ToDoList|To Do List]] - There's still quite a bit left to do.<br />
* Design Hints for [http://www.artofillusion.org Art of Illusion] (AoI)<br />
** [[AoI|Basic Hints for AoI]]<br />
** [[GearDesignInAoI|Designing Cog Gears and Cog Gear Trains]]<br />
** [[InvoluteProfile1|Designing Involute Profile Gear Pairs]]<br />
** [[AoIOnWintel|Using AoI on Wintel machines]]<br />
* [[File:FFFDesignGuide.pdf|Ed's FFF design guide]]<br />
* [[StyleGuide|Style Guide]] - Keep it pretty =)<br />
* [[IOBox|IOBox]] Networked module that allows simple I/O for quick experimenting<br />
* [[RepRapLogo|The RepRap Logo]]<br />
* [[RPOrders|RP Orders for the RepRap team]]<br />
* Making SourceForge Releases<br />
** [[ElectronicsReleaseProcess|Electronics Release Process]]<br />
** [[FirmwareReleaseProcess|Firmware Release Process]]<br />
** [[HostSoftwareReleaseProcess|Host Software Releases]]<br />
** [[ObjectFileReleaseProcess|Object File Releases]]<br />
* [[CheltenhamScienceFestival2008Do-list|Cheltenham Science Festival 2008 Do-list]]<br />
<br />
== Economics ==<br />
* [http://members.axion.net/~enrique/reprap_economics.html Reprap Economics] - Javascript to estimate costs of Reprap fabrication <br />
<br />
<br />
== Presentations and Talks ==<br />
<br />
Here are the slides (usually in [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] format) for talks and presentations given by members of the RepRap team at conferences and meetings.<br />
<br />
* RepRap poster for use at conferences and exhibitions [[[[image:DocumentationMain-poster.odg|in OpenOffice format]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/poster.pdf|in pdf format]].|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-ios.odp|ios.odp]]: Adrian's slides for his talk at the Irish Open Source Technology Conference, 2008.|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reprap.odp|Slides]] in OpenOffice format for a talk on RepRap given at [http://www.dyson.co.uk/ Dyson] in April 2007 by Adrian Bowyer.|thumb]]<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/destruction.sxi Seminar slides]. These are the slides for a seminar on the project given at Bath University on 9 March 2005 by (AdrianBowyer).<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reflections-projections-2006-bowyer.odp|Moving Hardware Through the Wires]] - these are the slides for the talk on RepRap at the [http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/conference/2006/ Refelctions || Projections 2006] ACM conference given by (AdrianBowyer).|thumb]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
* And here's a [http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/conference/2006/video/UIUC-ACM-RP06-Bowyer.wmv video of Adrian Bowyer's Refelctions || Projections presentation] (150MB).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Based on the above, Vik Olliver's "Printing a penguin" presentation to [http://lca2007.linux.org.au/ LinuxConf Australia 2007] (LCA2007) in Sydney, January 2007 in [[[[image:DocumentationMain-printing_a_penguin_LCA_2007_Vik_Olliver.pdf|PDF]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/printing_a_penguin_LCA_2007_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]] formats. Also available as [http://mirror.linux.org.au/pub/linux.conf.au/2007/video/talks/23.ogg cross-platform video] (OGG).|thumb]]<br />
* Paper on [[[[image:DocumentationMain-sells-bowyer.doc|incorporating electrical conductors]] into polymer RP objects - Ed Sells & Adrian Bowyer: Directly incorporating electronics into conventional rapid prototypes, Proc. 7th National Conference on Rapid Design, Prototyping & Manufacturing, Centre for Rapid Design and Manufacture, High Wycombe, June 2006.|thumb]]<br />
* "Fabricating a Free World" Presentation for O'Reilly [http://conferences.oreillynet.com/os2007/ OSCON 2007] by Vik Olliver as [[[[image:DocumentationMain-RepRap_OSCON_2007_Vik_Olliver.pdf|PDF]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/RepRap_OSCON_2007_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]].|thumb]]<br />
* The [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reprap-short.odp|Open Office slides]] for Adrian's talk at Pop!Tech in October 2007.|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-Arduino_in_4D.odp|Open Office slides]] for LCA 2010 Arduino Evolution Presentation|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-Beyond_The_Pixel.odp|Open Office slides]] for LCA 2010 Beyond The Pixel - 2D & 3D CAD for eejits|thumb]]<br />
* RepRap Summary Presentation for Weltec in Hamilton 2012 by Vik Olliver as [[Media:RepRap_Hamilton_2012_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]].|thumb]]<br />
<br />
== Archived Documentation ==<br />
<br />
Earlier versions of various RepRap documentation preserved here for historical reasons.<br />
<br />
* [http://reprap.org/Downloads/extruder/extruder.html Extruder Mk I]<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/report-01-04.doc Rapid Prototyped Electronic Circuits]. University of Bath Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical Report 01/04 in .doc format for Microsoft Word or OpenOffice. This is a detailed report on Stage One of the RepRap Project, which is now complete. (EdSells)<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/RPEC-manual.doc Rapid Prototyping Electronic Circuits: Supplementary Manual] in .doc format for Microsoft Word or OpenOffice. (EdSells)<br />
* Report in .doc format: [[AutomaticDepositionOfMoltenAlloyIntoACastingChannelToCreateAVerySimpleElectro-mechanicalComponent|Automatic deposition of molten alloy into a casting channel to create a (very) simple electro-mechanical component]] (May 2005). This was done on an axis designed for self-replication (EdSells).<br />
<br />
== ReallyOldStuff ==<br />
<br />
Here you can find stuff from the really early days of RepRap. It's been moved to [[ReallyOldStuff]] so the documentation page stays clear and concise.<br />
<br />
[[Category:RepRap machines]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=DocumentationMain&diff=72756DocumentationMain2012-11-25T09:02:39Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Presentations and Talks */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Deprecated}}<br />
{{merge|Combinatorics Problem}}<br />
= Documentation =<br />
Warning, this page is utterly out of date.<br />
McWire->[[WolfStrap]]<br />
Darwin->[[Mendel]]<br />
etc->etc 2.0<br />
--[[User:Sebastien Bailard|Sebastien Bailard]] 02:33, 8 September 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Machines ==<br />
<br />
* [[RepRap Options]] - a page that describes whichever machine is currently a well-documented and recommended RepRap design. The designs typically assume you already have a RepRap available to build the next RepRap. (This is a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem).<br />
<br />
* [[What Tooling Do You Have]] - a page that helps you choose a bootstrap pathway towards building a RepRap when you don't already have a RepRap. Such bootstrap pathways typically involve building an intermediate RepStrap machine.<br />
<br />
* [[RepRap|RepRap]] - definition of a 'RepRap' machine<br />
* [[RepStrap|RepStrap]] - definition of a 'RepStrap' machine<br />
<br />
While the Mendel can already make some interesting objects, people (hopefully including yourself, dear reader) keep finding ways to push the boundaries of its capabilities and improve it in other ways.<br />
<br />
Some historically important and promising research developments include:<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapOneDarwin|RepRap "Darwin"]] - the first RepRap machine<br />
* [[RepStrap_1_0_Seedling|RepStrap "Seedling"]] - an easy to build RepStrap machine<br />
* Ed Sells: [[File:DocumentationMain-Thesis-EdSells-TowardsaSelf-ManufacturingRapidPrototypingMachine.pdf | Towards a Self-Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Machine]]: The birth of "Darwin": a thesis written on the development towards a self-replicating machine.<br />
<br />
* [[Mendel]]<br />
* [[WolfStrap]] - an easy to build RepStrap machine<br />
* [[McWire Cartesian Bot 1 2]]<br />
* [[Bonsai RepStrap]]<br />
<br />
Machines can be thought of as a "stack" of various components:<br />
the tool head, the positioning system, the electronics, the firmware, the software, ...<br />
<br />
== Positioning Systems ==<br />
<br />
The mechanics, also called the positioning system, are how you move the toolheads around in 3D space.<br />
<br />
One of the things we've striven for in this project to achieve modularity with our designs. The mechanical system is one system of a RepRap machine that is suitable for this. For a normal RepRap machine you have 3 Axes: X, Y, and Z. Regardless of which axis you place the build area on, and which axis you place the toolheads on, it all functions nearly identically regardless of which electronics system you are using.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapMechanics|Read more on the mechanical system]], or skip to the recommended [[McWire_Cartesian_Bot_1_2|McWire Cartesian Bot]].<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapMechanics|Mechanic System Overview]] - a comprehensive look at the various positioning systems.<br />
* [[AssemblingDarwinMachinery|Darwin's positioning system]] - this is the positioning system for Darwin.<br />
* [[McWire_Cartesian_Bot_1_2|McWire Cartesian Bot v1.2]] - this is the cartesian bot at the heart of RepStrap "Seedling"<br />
<br />
== Print Heads ==<br />
<br />
The toolheads are the things that actually lay down the build material.<br />
<br />
Currently, there is only one toolhead that is ready for general use, the Thermoplastic Extruder. However, eventually we would like to support many different toolheads from simple markers for drawing to support material extruders to paste extruder to lasers for cutting/sintering to wax deposition heads for doing metal casting. If you have a toolhead that does not heavily stress the cartesian bot, then it would be well suited for the RepRap platform.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapToolHeads|Read more on the toolheads system]] or skip to the [[RepRapOneDarwinThermoplastExtruder|Thermoplastic Extruder]].<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapToolHeads|Toolhead System Overview]] - a comprehensive look at the various toolheads RepRap supports.<br />
* [[ThermoplastExtruder_2_0|Thermoplastic Extruder v2.0]] - the most current version of our plastic extruder<br />
* [[SupportExtruder_1_0|Support Extruder v0.1]] - our new support material extruder<br />
* [[PrintingMaterials|Types of Plastic and Printing Materials]] - all our information on printing materials<br />
* [[FutureToolIdeas|Future Toolhead Ideas]] - our little place for speculation and brainstorming<br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
The electronics are the brains of a RepRap system.<br />
<br />
The electronics system is another area that is suited for modularity. There are basically two interfaces between the various systems: the computer/RepRap interface and the electronics/machine interface. These are generally the same regardless of which system of electronics you are using.<br />
<br />
[[RepRapElectronics|Read more on the electronics system]] or skip to the recommended [[Generation2Electronics|Arduino based electronics]].<br />
<br />
* [[RepRapElectronics|Electronics Overview]] - a birds eye view of the electronics subsystems.<br />
* [[Generation1Electronics|1st Gen. PIC Based Electronics]] - older boards (Universal Controller stuff)<br />
* [[Generation2Electronics|2nd Gen. Arduino Based Electronics]] - more modular system based on arduino<br />
* [[Generation3Electronics|3rd Gen. Sanguino Based Electronics]] - latest electronics. supports multiple printheads.<br />
<br />
== Software ==<br />
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/reprap/ Sourceforge] - this is who hosts our project<br />
* [[Subversion|Subversion Repository]] - instructions on how to publicly access our code<br />
<br />
* Host Software<br />
** [[DriverSoftware|RepRap Control Software]] - The software that makes your RepRap print stuff.<br />
** [[LiveCDPage|LiveCD Instructions]] - We have a LiveCD which allows you to boot directly into a RepRap environment.<br />
** [http://reprap.org/apidocs/host/html/ Host Controller API] - details on how the host software is programmed<br />
** [http://www.replicat.org ReplicatorG] - A driver based machine controller that takes GCode files as input.<br />
<br />
* Firmware<br />
** [[Arduino_GCode_Interpreter|The G-code interpreter for the Arduino]]<br />
** [[SNAPComms|SNAP Protocol]] - how RepRap communicates with the electronics.<br />
** [[Modules|SNAP Commands and Modules]] - the various commands we have defined for communicating via SNAP.<br />
** Arduino Firmware<br />
*** [http://www.arduino.cc Arduino Homepage] - Arduino is an open source self-programming microprocessor board<br />
*** [[Generation2Electronics#Program_the_Arduino|Generation2Electronics#Program_the_Arduino]] - Programming the Arduino with our firmware<br />
<br />
<br />
** PIC Firmware<br />
*** [[Firmware build process|Overview of the firmware build process]] (is this the same as [[CygwinBuild#Build_Process]] ?)<br />
*** [[StripboardJDM|Make a JDM Programmer]] - A simple PIC programmer for bootstrapping a RepRap.<br />
*** [[PICProgrammer|PICProgrammer]] - what you use to program the chips with the firmware<br />
<br />
<br />
== Developer Documentation ==<br />
* [[AlreadyDoneList|Already Done List]] - There is quite a bit already done.<br />
* [[ToDoList|To Do List]] - There's still quite a bit left to do.<br />
* Design Hints for [http://www.artofillusion.org Art of Illusion] (AoI)<br />
** [[AoI|Basic Hints for AoI]]<br />
** [[GearDesignInAoI|Designing Cog Gears and Cog Gear Trains]]<br />
** [[InvoluteProfile1|Designing Involute Profile Gear Pairs]]<br />
** [[AoIOnWintel|Using AoI on Wintel machines]]<br />
* [[File:FFFDesignGuide.pdf|Ed's FFF design guide]]<br />
* [[StyleGuide|Style Guide]] - Keep it pretty =)<br />
* [[IOBox|IOBox]] Networked module that allows simple I/O for quick experimenting<br />
* [[RepRapLogo|The RepRap Logo]]<br />
* [[RPOrders|RP Orders for the RepRap team]]<br />
* Making SourceForge Releases<br />
** [[ElectronicsReleaseProcess|Electronics Release Process]]<br />
** [[FirmwareReleaseProcess|Firmware Release Process]]<br />
** [[HostSoftwareReleaseProcess|Host Software Releases]]<br />
** [[ObjectFileReleaseProcess|Object File Releases]]<br />
* [[CheltenhamScienceFestival2008Do-list|Cheltenham Science Festival 2008 Do-list]]<br />
<br />
== Economics ==<br />
* [http://members.axion.net/~enrique/reprap_economics.html Reprap Economics] - Javascript to estimate costs of Reprap fabrication <br />
<br />
<br />
== Presentations and Talks ==<br />
<br />
Here are the slides (usually in [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] format) for talks and presentations given by members of the RepRap team at conferences and meetings.<br />
<br />
* RepRap poster for use at conferences and exhibitions [[[[image:DocumentationMain-poster.odg|in OpenOffice format]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/poster.pdf|in pdf format]].|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-ios.odp|ios.odp]]: Adrian's slides for his talk at the Irish Open Source Technology Conference, 2008.|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reprap.odp|Slides]] in OpenOffice format for a talk on RepRap given at [http://www.dyson.co.uk/ Dyson] in April 2007 by Adrian Bowyer.|thumb]]<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/destruction.sxi Seminar slides]. These are the slides for a seminar on the project given at Bath University on 9 March 2005 by (AdrianBowyer).<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reflections-projections-2006-bowyer.odp|Moving Hardware Through the Wires]] - these are the slides for the talk on RepRap at the [http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/conference/2006/ Refelctions || Projections 2006] ACM conference given by (AdrianBowyer).|thumb]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
* And here's a [http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/conference/2006/video/UIUC-ACM-RP06-Bowyer.wmv video of Adrian Bowyer's Refelctions || Projections presentation] (150MB).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Based on the above, Vik Olliver's "Printing a penguin" presentation to [http://lca2007.linux.org.au/ LinuxConf Australia 2007] (LCA2007) in Sydney, January 2007 in [[[[image:DocumentationMain-printing_a_penguin_LCA_2007_Vik_Olliver.pdf|PDF]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/printing_a_penguin_LCA_2007_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]] formats. Also available as [http://mirror.linux.org.au/pub/linux.conf.au/2007/video/talks/23.ogg cross-platform video] (OGG).|thumb]]<br />
* Paper on [[[[image:DocumentationMain-sells-bowyer.doc|incorporating electrical conductors]] into polymer RP objects - Ed Sells & Adrian Bowyer: Directly incorporating electronics into conventional rapid prototypes, Proc. 7th National Conference on Rapid Design, Prototyping & Manufacturing, Centre for Rapid Design and Manufacture, High Wycombe, June 2006.|thumb]]<br />
* "Fabricating a Free World" Presentation for O'Reilly [http://conferences.oreillynet.com/os2007/ OSCON 2007] by Vik Olliver as [[[[image:DocumentationMain-RepRap_OSCON_2007_Vik_Olliver.pdf|PDF]] and [[%ATTACHURL%/RepRap_OSCON_2007_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]].|thumb]]<br />
* The [[[[image:DocumentationMain-reprap-short.odp|Open Office slides]] for Adrian's talk at Pop!Tech in October 2007.|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-Arduino_in_4D.odp|Open Office slides]] for LCA 2010 Arduino Evolution Presentation|thumb]]<br />
* [[[[image:DocumentationMain-Beyond_The_Pixel.odp|Open Office slides]] for LCA 2010 Beyond The Pixel - 2D & 3D CAD for eejits|thumb]]<br />
* RepRap Summary Presentation for Weltec in Hamilton 2012 by Vik Olliver as [[%ATTACHURL%/RepRap_Hamilton_2012_Vik_Olliver.odp|OpenDocument]].|thumb]]<br />
<br />
== Archived Documentation ==<br />
<br />
Earlier versions of various RepRap documentation preserved here for historical reasons.<br />
<br />
* [http://reprap.org/Downloads/extruder/extruder.html Extruder Mk I]<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/report-01-04.doc Rapid Prototyped Electronic Circuits]. University of Bath Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical Report 01/04 in .doc format for Microsoft Word or OpenOffice. This is a detailed report on Stage One of the RepRap Project, which is now complete. (EdSells)<br />
* [http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/Downloads/RPEC-manual.doc Rapid Prototyping Electronic Circuits: Supplementary Manual] in .doc format for Microsoft Word or OpenOffice. (EdSells)<br />
* Report in .doc format: [[AutomaticDepositionOfMoltenAlloyIntoACastingChannelToCreateAVerySimpleElectro-mechanicalComponent|Automatic deposition of molten alloy into a casting channel to create a (very) simple electro-mechanical component]] (May 2005). This was done on an axis designed for self-replication (EdSells).<br />
<br />
== ReallyOldStuff ==<br />
<br />
Here you can find stuff from the really early days of RepRap. It's been moved to [[ReallyOldStuff]] so the documentation page stays clear and concise.<br />
<br />
[[Category:RepRap machines]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Rroofl&diff=66033Rroofl2012-09-22T00:08:11Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Other Printed Parts */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development<br />
<!--Header--><br />
|name = RepRap Out Of FabLab (RROOFL)<br />
|status = Development<br />
<!--General--><br />
|image = rroofl_axes_complete.jpg<br />
|description = A Mendel variant designed specifically to be made in a FabLab<br />
|license = GPL<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = Sells Mendel, Prusa Mendel, Community improvements<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Mendel Variations|Mendel Variations]]<br />
|cadModel = <br />
|url = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'' "Don't like society? Print a new one." - Vik Olliver http://diamondage.co.nz ''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
This RepRap/RepStrap variant is designed to be produced in a FabLab, and yet to be sufficiently modular to produce using a variety of local manufacturing processes. It is rather unfriendly to the lone user in its present configuration, as it (a) will make use of all the available CNC-type devices in the workshop in parallel and (b) doesn't work yet. It sprang out of a 2-day session organised by [[User:VikOlliver]] and about a dozen hard-working volunteers at [http://www.fab8nz.com/ FabLab8] in Wellington, New Zealand. They are invited to add their names to the list when they find out about this page :)<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_extruder_clearance_issues.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]Actual build volume currently envisaged 230mm x 230mm x 150mm. In reality there are some collision issues limiting X movement by 50mm or so above Z heights of more than about 60mm. The top of the arch needs to be thinner, the void in the side panels more generous at the top. Perhaps bringing the entire control panel (and thus stretching the void) towards the nearest narrow end?<br />
<br />
In the picture left, the extruder gear nearly colliding with the trapezoidal hole on the upper left. That whole side needs to be moved over, and the top M8 rod closest to it removed. If we then move the remaining rod further away, we should be able to let quite a large extruder rise up into the central gap.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Design Objectives ==<br />
<br />
* Fabricate mechanical hardware in 1 person-day.<br />
* Completely Open Source<br />
* As many parts as possible to be able to use more than one fabrication technique.<br />
* All routing cuts at least 6mm wide.<br />
* No little extra bits to bolt on - minimize part count.<br />
* If you do use bolts and threaded rod, either M3 (or 1/8") or M8 (or 5/16") please.<br />
* If a zip tie or woodscrew does the job instead of 8 screws, 4 nuts and 16 washers, use one.<br />
* Common parts only.<br />
* Allow for lots of variation in hand-cut parts like the rods.<br />
* Modular design that can be mass-produced, and modules used in other projects.<br />
* Control systems capable of being scaled to drive other workshop equipment.<br />
* Runs off 12-14V DC to be friendly to small, local, power generation systems.<br />
* There is but One True Bearing: the 608Z "skateboard" bearing.<br />
<br />
== Current Status ==<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_axes_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_mechanical_assy1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_awaiting_x_axis.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]X Axis uses the carriage from Simpleton prototype slightly hacked by a nice lady at Fab8nz, a NEMA17 and 3 x 608 bearings as corner pulleys. Tension in belt will draw under-constrained Z sliders onto Z guide rods. The unconstrained sliding portion of the carriage needs to clip more firmly onto the X rail and have slots at the idler end to allow the X rails to be pinned in place. End stop microswitch held in place by a single 2mm zip tie.<br />
<br />
Y axis fully assembled. 2mm zip tie used to hold end stop switch in place. Uses 5mm zip ties in the frame to hold both NEMA17 drive motor and the idler. Needs to be measured and the cutting files updated.<br />
<br />
Z Assembled, currently using non-spec. gears. Sockets for 608 bearings were not deep enough, the waterjet cut holes in the frame to support Z brackets need to be +0.5mm diameter. The Z motor bracket needs to allow the motor to drop down an extra 3mm to mesh properly with the large driven gear.<br />
<br />
Yes, we know we'll get more even carriage movement with the motor driving the trans-axle direct. This is being bravely sorted out by Hamish.<br />
<br />
There is no complete Z endstop in the design at present. Hamish built into the Z motor bracket some form of adjustable microswitch holder integrated with it. It holds the Z endstop statically on the Z motor bracket, and add a length of M8 screw thread to the underside of the X motor bracket. The latter pokes the former when the X carriage descends too far. Vik is designing this.<br />
<br />
The deposition bed is a simple piece of plastic sheet stuck down with double-sided foam, so it needs no fancy holes. Y carriage is in 2 identical parts joined with M8 rod. Y belt secured to carriage with zip ties, which also tension it. It is important to clean the bed's underside before sticking it down.<br />
<br />
It looks like we can drop all the holes in the lower part of the frame (and the top edge of both short ends) by about 15mm to increase our build height a bit. If we take another 5mm off the top edges we can claim that back for build height by dropping the height of the Y carriage a bit.<br />
<br />
The circuit holding panel needs to move up and away from the build area, and needs a hole matrix for mounting Arduinos etc. on.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Prototype_rroofl_electronics.jpg|200px|left|thumb]]Electronics are assembled and working well. Stepper motors are Sparkfun NEMA17's and some beefier ones scrounged from Massey University, Wellington. Drivers are a mix of EasyDriver V4's and Makerbot V3.3's and connect to an Arduino 1280 Mega using mostly commercial jumper leads. Connectors and lead lengths are a nightmare, so we need to rationalise this into something that suits the inventory.<br />
<br />
There are no fixed or special electronics, though they must be designed to run of car batteries and donkey-powered generators etc. Not only does this make the printer capable of running on homebrew power, it ensures that they will continue to run in the event of natural disasters. Just put an automotive electrical lighter plug on the power lead and you can run it in the car. Do remember that the spring goes under the fuse in those things, not on top of it (otherwise the spring melts).<br />
<br />
One option being explored here is the use of an inexpensive breadboarding panel as a universal parts interface and bodging board. No soldering required, it encourages tinkering, and simplifies things when you blow a pin on your Arduino - just move the connector and recompile. OTHO a cat can wreak havoc with it. The Du Pont jumper/connectors seem resistant to normal vibrations and movement.<br />
<br />
Zero endstops are all implemented with microswitches. a 10K resistor pulls the relevant input low, closing the switch makes it go high. There are no max limit switches.<br />
<br />
Stepper motor STEP & DIR pins must not be longer than about 200mm.<br />
<br />
When cable paths are established, we need mounting holes for cable ties so we can tidy them up.<br />
<br />
A stepper motor module capable of driving 2A and made from FabLab inventory is being designed. Hopefully with sane connectors!<br />
<br />
Spiral cable tidy is one option for constraining the cabling, and it is at least reusable.<br />
<br />
== Files ==<br />
<br />
Please link or add your files here, folks.<br />
<br />
[[image:AssemblyGuideV3sml.jpg|Guide to the filenames and intended arrangement of the Z-axis]]<br />
<br />
Note that the Y axis brackets are replaced with zip ties in the prototype. If it works, why not? It looks likely that we will need to brace the frame across the top. In the prototype this is done with M8 threaded rod.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_Assembly-Blender257.zip]] The archive included here contains the assembly model for checking gear meshes and interference. This model has been used to create the STLs listed on the image. An option for the Z-axis driven end is included. Stand-in geometry for switches, motors, and gears have also been used to help in the design process. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_STLs.zip]] The image above will guide you to the appropriate model contained within this archive. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
Note that the tops of the M8 Z drive screws should not be overly constrained, so the bearings allowed for will seldom be necessary.<br />
<br />
=== Other Printed Parts ===<br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:Y_bed_runners.scad|OpenSCAD file for Y runners.]] The Y runners. It would be great if someone could vector this to cut on a laser Print two of these and join with a couple of 140mm lengths of M8 studding, nuts and washers. Ease the frame into shape on the rails before fully tightening. Y Slider legs can be compressed with a bolt or zip ties if it is necessary to level the bed. The actual deposition bed is attached by using small double-sided foam adhesive pads. Clean the bed before sticking pads to it.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_belt.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]The Y belt is attached with zip ties; Make loops in the belt ends and secure with zip ties. Thread another zip tie through the small holes in one side of the leg of the Y carriage, pass it through the loop in the belt and then use to tension the belt to your requirements. Note that if you leave a large loop of zip tie this introduces unwanted springyness, so you'll have to cinch it with a zip tie or two.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
(The following need an update 'cos the Z guide rail and drive screw spacings changed) - (15th September 2012) Hopefully the new Z-axis models above have returned the guide rail and drive screw spacing to their original distances.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl.inc]] Common measurements. Based on Simpleton's include file so lots of crap in it.<br />
<br />
[[File:X_axis_bits.scad]] OpenSCAD file for the x-axis parts. Needs Rroofl.inc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Printed_rroofl_stls.zip]] Contains printable STLs used in the prototype X, Y & Z axis.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_mendel_prusa_adaptor.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:rroofl_mendel_adap.scad|OpenSCAD file for adaptor onto classic Mendel and Prusa frames.]] Printing 4 simple blocks (dark green parts in the accompanying image) with M8 holes at right angles allows the entire Z axis mechanism to be ported onto old Mendel and Prusa frames. The Y Sliders are also perforated in several places to make the attachment of a belt easier in such retrofits.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Basic Rules of Engagement ==<br />
<br />
Any rules or warnings that should be established before using the Rroofl can be included here. For example, a safety related tip would definitely make a good addition to this section (thanks for the reminder, OHM).<br />
<br />
* Do touch, but touch responsibly.<br />
* During assembly, look out for sharp bits of wire in the edge of the belt. They hurt.<br />
* Do not ever unplug a stepper motor with the power on. It kills the driver.<br />
<br />
== '''Ongoing Development''' ==<br />
<br />
Pronounced roofle, like rifle with an oo in it.<br />
<br />
Tell me again why I have '''two''' M8 rods running across the top???<br />
:Well, if I recall they are a hang-over from the original edition we were using as a basis. While they give some good rigidity to the top end of the frame, the plate for the electronics will help give that, and allow us to remove at least one of them. The top end z-axis bearing holders could be held on by a pair of M8 bolts each rather than the threaded rods. One thing that springs to my mind is that depending on how far we are able to get the x-carriage to travel upwards we may have interference between the object being printed and the electronics back-board. In my view it is probably worthwhile redesigning the end panels of the frame to be square. This would allow us plenty of room for the x-carriage, the printed piece, and still give us the opportunity to give it a good firm structure. I could talk to the local FabLab and see if we can wheedle them into cutting the redesigned ends in that so nice and space-agey looking acrylic they gave us in the conference. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Use a zip tie looped over each of the rod's idler ends to allow the rods to be held in permanent compression. Otherise the Z axis will bind.<br />
<br />
Finished X carriage belt post needs to be longer by about 3mm.<br />
<br />
Sculpt lower edges slightly to reduce contact with bench.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_first_light.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]This is how it started at Massey University's FabLab during Fab8nz.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
=See Also=<br />
* [[How_to_build_an_OHM| Open Hybrid Model Build Guide]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Rroofl&diff=66032Rroofl2012-09-22T00:07:23Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Other Printed Parts */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development<br />
<!--Header--><br />
|name = RepRap Out Of FabLab (RROOFL)<br />
|status = Development<br />
<!--General--><br />
|image = rroofl_axes_complete.jpg<br />
|description = A Mendel variant designed specifically to be made in a FabLab<br />
|license = GPL<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = Sells Mendel, Prusa Mendel, Community improvements<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Mendel Variations|Mendel Variations]]<br />
|cadModel = <br />
|url = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'' "Don't like society? Print a new one." - Vik Olliver http://diamondage.co.nz ''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
This RepRap/RepStrap variant is designed to be produced in a FabLab, and yet to be sufficiently modular to produce using a variety of local manufacturing processes. It is rather unfriendly to the lone user in its present configuration, as it (a) will make use of all the available CNC-type devices in the workshop in parallel and (b) doesn't work yet. It sprang out of a 2-day session organised by [[User:VikOlliver]] and about a dozen hard-working volunteers at [http://www.fab8nz.com/ FabLab8] in Wellington, New Zealand. They are invited to add their names to the list when they find out about this page :)<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_extruder_clearance_issues.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]Actual build volume currently envisaged 230mm x 230mm x 150mm. In reality there are some collision issues limiting X movement by 50mm or so above Z heights of more than about 60mm. The top of the arch needs to be thinner, the void in the side panels more generous at the top. Perhaps bringing the entire control panel (and thus stretching the void) towards the nearest narrow end?<br />
<br />
In the picture left, the extruder gear nearly colliding with the trapezoidal hole on the upper left. That whole side needs to be moved over, and the top M8 rod closest to it removed. If we then move the remaining rod further away, we should be able to let quite a large extruder rise up into the central gap.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Design Objectives ==<br />
<br />
* Fabricate mechanical hardware in 1 person-day.<br />
* Completely Open Source<br />
* As many parts as possible to be able to use more than one fabrication technique.<br />
* All routing cuts at least 6mm wide.<br />
* No little extra bits to bolt on - minimize part count.<br />
* If you do use bolts and threaded rod, either M3 (or 1/8") or M8 (or 5/16") please.<br />
* If a zip tie or woodscrew does the job instead of 8 screws, 4 nuts and 16 washers, use one.<br />
* Common parts only.<br />
* Allow for lots of variation in hand-cut parts like the rods.<br />
* Modular design that can be mass-produced, and modules used in other projects.<br />
* Control systems capable of being scaled to drive other workshop equipment.<br />
* Runs off 12-14V DC to be friendly to small, local, power generation systems.<br />
* There is but One True Bearing: the 608Z "skateboard" bearing.<br />
<br />
== Current Status ==<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_axes_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_mechanical_assy1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_awaiting_x_axis.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]X Axis uses the carriage from Simpleton prototype slightly hacked by a nice lady at Fab8nz, a NEMA17 and 3 x 608 bearings as corner pulleys. Tension in belt will draw under-constrained Z sliders onto Z guide rods. The unconstrained sliding portion of the carriage needs to clip more firmly onto the X rail and have slots at the idler end to allow the X rails to be pinned in place. End stop microswitch held in place by a single 2mm zip tie.<br />
<br />
Y axis fully assembled. 2mm zip tie used to hold end stop switch in place. Uses 5mm zip ties in the frame to hold both NEMA17 drive motor and the idler. Needs to be measured and the cutting files updated.<br />
<br />
Z Assembled, currently using non-spec. gears. Sockets for 608 bearings were not deep enough, the waterjet cut holes in the frame to support Z brackets need to be +0.5mm diameter. The Z motor bracket needs to allow the motor to drop down an extra 3mm to mesh properly with the large driven gear.<br />
<br />
Yes, we know we'll get more even carriage movement with the motor driving the trans-axle direct. This is being bravely sorted out by Hamish.<br />
<br />
There is no complete Z endstop in the design at present. Hamish built into the Z motor bracket some form of adjustable microswitch holder integrated with it. It holds the Z endstop statically on the Z motor bracket, and add a length of M8 screw thread to the underside of the X motor bracket. The latter pokes the former when the X carriage descends too far. Vik is designing this.<br />
<br />
The deposition bed is a simple piece of plastic sheet stuck down with double-sided foam, so it needs no fancy holes. Y carriage is in 2 identical parts joined with M8 rod. Y belt secured to carriage with zip ties, which also tension it. It is important to clean the bed's underside before sticking it down.<br />
<br />
It looks like we can drop all the holes in the lower part of the frame (and the top edge of both short ends) by about 15mm to increase our build height a bit. If we take another 5mm off the top edges we can claim that back for build height by dropping the height of the Y carriage a bit.<br />
<br />
The circuit holding panel needs to move up and away from the build area, and needs a hole matrix for mounting Arduinos etc. on.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Prototype_rroofl_electronics.jpg|200px|left|thumb]]Electronics are assembled and working well. Stepper motors are Sparkfun NEMA17's and some beefier ones scrounged from Massey University, Wellington. Drivers are a mix of EasyDriver V4's and Makerbot V3.3's and connect to an Arduino 1280 Mega using mostly commercial jumper leads. Connectors and lead lengths are a nightmare, so we need to rationalise this into something that suits the inventory.<br />
<br />
There are no fixed or special electronics, though they must be designed to run of car batteries and donkey-powered generators etc. Not only does this make the printer capable of running on homebrew power, it ensures that they will continue to run in the event of natural disasters. Just put an automotive electrical lighter plug on the power lead and you can run it in the car. Do remember that the spring goes under the fuse in those things, not on top of it (otherwise the spring melts).<br />
<br />
One option being explored here is the use of an inexpensive breadboarding panel as a universal parts interface and bodging board. No soldering required, it encourages tinkering, and simplifies things when you blow a pin on your Arduino - just move the connector and recompile. OTHO a cat can wreak havoc with it. The Du Pont jumper/connectors seem resistant to normal vibrations and movement.<br />
<br />
Zero endstops are all implemented with microswitches. a 10K resistor pulls the relevant input low, closing the switch makes it go high. There are no max limit switches.<br />
<br />
Stepper motor STEP & DIR pins must not be longer than about 200mm.<br />
<br />
When cable paths are established, we need mounting holes for cable ties so we can tidy them up.<br />
<br />
A stepper motor module capable of driving 2A and made from FabLab inventory is being designed. Hopefully with sane connectors!<br />
<br />
Spiral cable tidy is one option for constraining the cabling, and it is at least reusable.<br />
<br />
== Files ==<br />
<br />
Please link or add your files here, folks.<br />
<br />
[[image:AssemblyGuideV3sml.jpg|Guide to the filenames and intended arrangement of the Z-axis]]<br />
<br />
Note that the Y axis brackets are replaced with zip ties in the prototype. If it works, why not? It looks likely that we will need to brace the frame across the top. In the prototype this is done with M8 threaded rod.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_Assembly-Blender257.zip]] The archive included here contains the assembly model for checking gear meshes and interference. This model has been used to create the STLs listed on the image. An option for the Z-axis driven end is included. Stand-in geometry for switches, motors, and gears have also been used to help in the design process. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_STLs.zip]] The image above will guide you to the appropriate model contained within this archive. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
Note that the tops of the M8 Z drive screws should not be overly constrained, so the bearings allowed for will seldom be necessary.<br />
<br />
=== Other Printed Parts ===<br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:Y_bed_runners.scad|OpenSCAD file for Y runners.]] The Y runners. It would be great if someone could vector this to cut on a laser Print two of these and join with a couple of 140mm lengths of M8 studding, nuts and washers. Ease the frame into shape on the rails before fully tightening. Y Slider legs can be compressed with a bolt or zip ties if it is necessary to level the bed. The actual deposition bed is attached by using small double-sided foam adhesive pads.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_belt.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]The Y belt is attached with zip ties; Make loops in the belt ends and secure with zip ties. Thread another zip tie through the small holes in one side of the leg of the Y carriage, pass it through the loop in the belt and then use to tension the belt to your requirements. Note that if you leave a large loop of zip tie this introduces unwanted springyness, so you'll have to cinch it with a zip tie or two.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
(The following need an update 'cos the Z guide rail and drive screw spacings changed) - (15th September 2012) Hopefully the new Z-axis models above have returned the guide rail and drive screw spacing to their original distances.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl.inc]] Common measurements. Based on Simpleton's include file so lots of crap in it.<br />
<br />
[[File:X_axis_bits.scad]] OpenSCAD file for the x-axis parts. Needs Rroofl.inc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Printed_rroofl_stls.zip]] Contains printable STLs used in the prototype X, Y & Z axis.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_mendel_prusa_adaptor.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:rroofl_mendel_adap.scad|OpenSCAD file for adaptor onto classic Mendel and Prusa frames.]] Printing 4 simple blocks (dark green parts in the accompanying image) with M8 holes at right angles allows the entire Z axis mechaniusm to be ported onto old Mendel and Prusa frames. The Y Sliders are also perforated in several places to make the attachment of a belt easier in such retrofits.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Basic Rules of Engagement ==<br />
<br />
Any rules or warnings that should be established before using the Rroofl can be included here. For example, a safety related tip would definitely make a good addition to this section (thanks for the reminder, OHM).<br />
<br />
* Do touch, but touch responsibly.<br />
* During assembly, look out for sharp bits of wire in the edge of the belt. They hurt.<br />
* Do not ever unplug a stepper motor with the power on. It kills the driver.<br />
<br />
== '''Ongoing Development''' ==<br />
<br />
Pronounced roofle, like rifle with an oo in it.<br />
<br />
Tell me again why I have '''two''' M8 rods running across the top???<br />
:Well, if I recall they are a hang-over from the original edition we were using as a basis. While they give some good rigidity to the top end of the frame, the plate for the electronics will help give that, and allow us to remove at least one of them. The top end z-axis bearing holders could be held on by a pair of M8 bolts each rather than the threaded rods. One thing that springs to my mind is that depending on how far we are able to get the x-carriage to travel upwards we may have interference between the object being printed and the electronics back-board. In my view it is probably worthwhile redesigning the end panels of the frame to be square. This would allow us plenty of room for the x-carriage, the printed piece, and still give us the opportunity to give it a good firm structure. I could talk to the local FabLab and see if we can wheedle them into cutting the redesigned ends in that so nice and space-agey looking acrylic they gave us in the conference. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Use a zip tie looped over each of the rod's idler ends to allow the rods to be held in permanent compression. Otherise the Z axis will bind.<br />
<br />
Finished X carriage belt post needs to be longer by about 3mm.<br />
<br />
Sculpt lower edges slightly to reduce contact with bench.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_first_light.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]This is how it started at Massey University's FabLab during Fab8nz.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
=See Also=<br />
* [[How_to_build_an_OHM| Open Hybrid Model Build Guide]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Rroofl&diff=66031Rroofl2012-09-22T00:06:30Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Other Printed Parts */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development<br />
<!--Header--><br />
|name = RepRap Out Of FabLab (RROOFL)<br />
|status = Development<br />
<!--General--><br />
|image = rroofl_axes_complete.jpg<br />
|description = A Mendel variant designed specifically to be made in a FabLab<br />
|license = GPL<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = Sells Mendel, Prusa Mendel, Community improvements<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Mendel Variations|Mendel Variations]]<br />
|cadModel = <br />
|url = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'' "Don't like society? Print a new one." - Vik Olliver http://diamondage.co.nz ''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
This RepRap/RepStrap variant is designed to be produced in a FabLab, and yet to be sufficiently modular to produce using a variety of local manufacturing processes. It is rather unfriendly to the lone user in its present configuration, as it (a) will make use of all the available CNC-type devices in the workshop in parallel and (b) doesn't work yet. It sprang out of a 2-day session organised by [[User:VikOlliver]] and about a dozen hard-working volunteers at [http://www.fab8nz.com/ FabLab8] in Wellington, New Zealand. They are invited to add their names to the list when they find out about this page :)<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_extruder_clearance_issues.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]Actual build volume currently envisaged 230mm x 230mm x 150mm. In reality there are some collision issues limiting X movement by 50mm or so above Z heights of more than about 60mm. The top of the arch needs to be thinner, the void in the side panels more generous at the top. Perhaps bringing the entire control panel (and thus stretching the void) towards the nearest narrow end?<br />
<br />
In the picture left, the extruder gear nearly colliding with the trapezoidal hole on the upper left. That whole side needs to be moved over, and the top M8 rod closest to it removed. If we then move the remaining rod further away, we should be able to let quite a large extruder rise up into the central gap.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Design Objectives ==<br />
<br />
* Fabricate mechanical hardware in 1 person-day.<br />
* Completely Open Source<br />
* As many parts as possible to be able to use more than one fabrication technique.<br />
* All routing cuts at least 6mm wide.<br />
* No little extra bits to bolt on - minimize part count.<br />
* If you do use bolts and threaded rod, either M3 (or 1/8") or M8 (or 5/16") please.<br />
* If a zip tie or woodscrew does the job instead of 8 screws, 4 nuts and 16 washers, use one.<br />
* Common parts only.<br />
* Allow for lots of variation in hand-cut parts like the rods.<br />
* Modular design that can be mass-produced, and modules used in other projects.<br />
* Control systems capable of being scaled to drive other workshop equipment.<br />
* Runs off 12-14V DC to be friendly to small, local, power generation systems.<br />
* There is but One True Bearing: the 608Z "skateboard" bearing.<br />
<br />
== Current Status ==<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_axes_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_mechanical_assy1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_awaiting_x_axis.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]X Axis uses the carriage from Simpleton prototype slightly hacked by a nice lady at Fab8nz, a NEMA17 and 3 x 608 bearings as corner pulleys. Tension in belt will draw under-constrained Z sliders onto Z guide rods. The unconstrained sliding portion of the carriage needs to clip more firmly onto the X rail and have slots at the idler end to allow the X rails to be pinned in place. End stop microswitch held in place by a single 2mm zip tie.<br />
<br />
Y axis fully assembled. 2mm zip tie used to hold end stop switch in place. Uses 5mm zip ties in the frame to hold both NEMA17 drive motor and the idler. Needs to be measured and the cutting files updated.<br />
<br />
Z Assembled, currently using non-spec. gears. Sockets for 608 bearings were not deep enough, the waterjet cut holes in the frame to support Z brackets need to be +0.5mm diameter. The Z motor bracket needs to allow the motor to drop down an extra 3mm to mesh properly with the large driven gear.<br />
<br />
Yes, we know we'll get more even carriage movement with the motor driving the trans-axle direct. This is being bravely sorted out by Hamish.<br />
<br />
There is no complete Z endstop in the design at present. Hamish built into the Z motor bracket some form of adjustable microswitch holder integrated with it. It holds the Z endstop statically on the Z motor bracket, and add a length of M8 screw thread to the underside of the X motor bracket. The latter pokes the former when the X carriage descends too far. Vik is designing this.<br />
<br />
The deposition bed is a simple piece of plastic sheet stuck down with double-sided foam, so it needs no fancy holes. Y carriage is in 2 identical parts joined with M8 rod. Y belt secured to carriage with zip ties, which also tension it. It is important to clean the bed's underside before sticking it down.<br />
<br />
It looks like we can drop all the holes in the lower part of the frame (and the top edge of both short ends) by about 15mm to increase our build height a bit. If we take another 5mm off the top edges we can claim that back for build height by dropping the height of the Y carriage a bit.<br />
<br />
The circuit holding panel needs to move up and away from the build area, and needs a hole matrix for mounting Arduinos etc. on.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Prototype_rroofl_electronics.jpg|200px|left|thumb]]Electronics are assembled and working well. Stepper motors are Sparkfun NEMA17's and some beefier ones scrounged from Massey University, Wellington. Drivers are a mix of EasyDriver V4's and Makerbot V3.3's and connect to an Arduino 1280 Mega using mostly commercial jumper leads. Connectors and lead lengths are a nightmare, so we need to rationalise this into something that suits the inventory.<br />
<br />
There are no fixed or special electronics, though they must be designed to run of car batteries and donkey-powered generators etc. Not only does this make the printer capable of running on homebrew power, it ensures that they will continue to run in the event of natural disasters. Just put an automotive electrical lighter plug on the power lead and you can run it in the car. Do remember that the spring goes under the fuse in those things, not on top of it (otherwise the spring melts).<br />
<br />
One option being explored here is the use of an inexpensive breadboarding panel as a universal parts interface and bodging board. No soldering required, it encourages tinkering, and simplifies things when you blow a pin on your Arduino - just move the connector and recompile. OTHO a cat can wreak havoc with it. The Du Pont jumper/connectors seem resistant to normal vibrations and movement.<br />
<br />
Zero endstops are all implemented with microswitches. a 10K resistor pulls the relevant input low, closing the switch makes it go high. There are no max limit switches.<br />
<br />
Stepper motor STEP & DIR pins must not be longer than about 200mm.<br />
<br />
When cable paths are established, we need mounting holes for cable ties so we can tidy them up.<br />
<br />
A stepper motor module capable of driving 2A and made from FabLab inventory is being designed. Hopefully with sane connectors!<br />
<br />
Spiral cable tidy is one option for constraining the cabling, and it is at least reusable.<br />
<br />
== Files ==<br />
<br />
Please link or add your files here, folks.<br />
<br />
[[image:AssemblyGuideV3sml.jpg|Guide to the filenames and intended arrangement of the Z-axis]]<br />
<br />
Note that the Y axis brackets are replaced with zip ties in the prototype. If it works, why not? It looks likely that we will need to brace the frame across the top. In the prototype this is done with M8 threaded rod.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_Assembly-Blender257.zip]] The archive included here contains the assembly model for checking gear meshes and interference. This model has been used to create the STLs listed on the image. An option for the Z-axis driven end is included. Stand-in geometry for switches, motors, and gears have also been used to help in the design process. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_STLs.zip]] The image above will guide you to the appropriate model contained within this archive. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
Note that the tops of the M8 Z drive screws should not be overly constrained, so the bearings allowed for will seldom be necessary.<br />
<br />
=== Other Printed Parts ===<br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:Y_bed_runners.scad|OpenSCAD file for Y runners.]] The Y runners. It would be great if someone could vector this to cut on a laser Print two of these and join with a couple of 140mm lengths of M8 studding, nuts and washers. Ease the frame into shape on the rails before fully tightening. Y Slider legs can be compressed with a bolt or zip ties if it is necessary to level the bed. The actual deposition bed is attached by using small double-sided foam adhesive pads.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_belt.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]The Y belt is attached with zip ties; Make loops in the belt ends and secure with zip ties. Thread another zip tie through the small holes in one side of the leg of the Y carriage, pass it through the loop in the belt and then use to tension the belt to your requirements. Note that if you leave a large loop of zip tie this introduces unwanted springyness, so you'll have to cinch it with a zip tie or two.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
(The following need an update 'cos the Z guide rail and drive screw spacings changed) - (15th September 2012) Hopefully the new Z-axis models above have returned the guide rail and drive screw spacing to their original distances.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl.inc]] Common measurements. Based on Simpleton's include file so lots of crap in it.<br />
<br />
[[File:X_axis_bits.scad]] OpenSCAD file for the x-axis parts. Needs Rroofl.inc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Printed_rroofl_stls.zip]] Contains printable STLs used in the prototype X, Y & Z axis.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_mendel_prusa_adaptor.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:rroofl_mendel_adap.scad|OpenSCAD file for adaptor onto classic Mendel and Prusa frames.]] Printing 4 simple blocks with M8 holes at right angles allows the entire Z axis mechaniusm to be ported onto old Mendel and Prusa frames. The Y Sliders are also perforated in several places to make the attachment of a belt easier in such retrofits.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Basic Rules of Engagement ==<br />
<br />
Any rules or warnings that should be established before using the Rroofl can be included here. For example, a safety related tip would definitely make a good addition to this section (thanks for the reminder, OHM).<br />
<br />
* Do touch, but touch responsibly.<br />
* During assembly, look out for sharp bits of wire in the edge of the belt. They hurt.<br />
* Do not ever unplug a stepper motor with the power on. It kills the driver.<br />
<br />
== '''Ongoing Development''' ==<br />
<br />
Pronounced roofle, like rifle with an oo in it.<br />
<br />
Tell me again why I have '''two''' M8 rods running across the top???<br />
:Well, if I recall they are a hang-over from the original edition we were using as a basis. While they give some good rigidity to the top end of the frame, the plate for the electronics will help give that, and allow us to remove at least one of them. The top end z-axis bearing holders could be held on by a pair of M8 bolts each rather than the threaded rods. One thing that springs to my mind is that depending on how far we are able to get the x-carriage to travel upwards we may have interference between the object being printed and the electronics back-board. In my view it is probably worthwhile redesigning the end panels of the frame to be square. This would allow us plenty of room for the x-carriage, the printed piece, and still give us the opportunity to give it a good firm structure. I could talk to the local FabLab and see if we can wheedle them into cutting the redesigned ends in that so nice and space-agey looking acrylic they gave us in the conference. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Use a zip tie looped over each of the rod's idler ends to allow the rods to be held in permanent compression. Otherise the Z axis will bind.<br />
<br />
Finished X carriage belt post needs to be longer by about 3mm.<br />
<br />
Sculpt lower edges slightly to reduce contact with bench.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_first_light.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]This is how it started at Massey University's FabLab during Fab8nz.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
=See Also=<br />
* [[How_to_build_an_OHM| Open Hybrid Model Build Guide]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Rroofl_mendel_adap.scad&diff=66030File:Rroofl mendel adap.scad2012-09-22T00:04:32Z<p>VikOlliver: Simple adaptor blocks to attach the Rroofl Z axis to a Mendel or Prusa style frame with.</p>
<hr />
<div>Simple adaptor blocks to attach the Rroofl Z axis to a Mendel or Prusa style frame with.</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Rroofl_mendel_prusa_adaptor.jpg&diff=66029File:Rroofl mendel prusa adaptor.jpg2012-09-22T00:03:27Z<p>VikOlliver: Adaptor parts, in dark green, allow a Rroofl Z axis to be put on an existing Mendel or Prusa style frame.</p>
<hr />
<div>Adaptor parts, in dark green, allow a Rroofl Z axis to be put on an existing Mendel or Prusa style frame.</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Rroofl&diff=66028Rroofl2012-09-22T00:01:09Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Other Printed Parts */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development<br />
<!--Header--><br />
|name = RepRap Out Of FabLab (RROOFL)<br />
|status = Development<br />
<!--General--><br />
|image = rroofl_axes_complete.jpg<br />
|description = A Mendel variant designed specifically to be made in a FabLab<br />
|license = GPL<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = Sells Mendel, Prusa Mendel, Community improvements<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Mendel Variations|Mendel Variations]]<br />
|cadModel = <br />
|url = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'' "Don't like society? Print a new one." - Vik Olliver http://diamondage.co.nz ''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
This RepRap/RepStrap variant is designed to be produced in a FabLab, and yet to be sufficiently modular to produce using a variety of local manufacturing processes. It is rather unfriendly to the lone user in its present configuration, as it (a) will make use of all the available CNC-type devices in the workshop in parallel and (b) doesn't work yet. It sprang out of a 2-day session organised by [[User:VikOlliver]] and about a dozen hard-working volunteers at [http://www.fab8nz.com/ FabLab8] in Wellington, New Zealand. They are invited to add their names to the list when they find out about this page :)<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_extruder_clearance_issues.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]Actual build volume currently envisaged 230mm x 230mm x 150mm. In reality there are some collision issues limiting X movement by 50mm or so above Z heights of more than about 60mm. The top of the arch needs to be thinner, the void in the side panels more generous at the top. Perhaps bringing the entire control panel (and thus stretching the void) towards the nearest narrow end?<br />
<br />
In the picture left, the extruder gear nearly colliding with the trapezoidal hole on the upper left. That whole side needs to be moved over, and the top M8 rod closest to it removed. If we then move the remaining rod further away, we should be able to let quite a large extruder rise up into the central gap.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Design Objectives ==<br />
<br />
* Fabricate mechanical hardware in 1 person-day.<br />
* Completely Open Source<br />
* As many parts as possible to be able to use more than one fabrication technique.<br />
* All routing cuts at least 6mm wide.<br />
* No little extra bits to bolt on - minimize part count.<br />
* If you do use bolts and threaded rod, either M3 (or 1/8") or M8 (or 5/16") please.<br />
* If a zip tie or woodscrew does the job instead of 8 screws, 4 nuts and 16 washers, use one.<br />
* Common parts only.<br />
* Allow for lots of variation in hand-cut parts like the rods.<br />
* Modular design that can be mass-produced, and modules used in other projects.<br />
* Control systems capable of being scaled to drive other workshop equipment.<br />
* Runs off 12-14V DC to be friendly to small, local, power generation systems.<br />
* There is but One True Bearing: the 608Z "skateboard" bearing.<br />
<br />
== Current Status ==<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_axes_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_mechanical_assy1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_awaiting_x_axis.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]X Axis uses the carriage from Simpleton prototype slightly hacked by a nice lady at Fab8nz, a NEMA17 and 3 x 608 bearings as corner pulleys. Tension in belt will draw under-constrained Z sliders onto Z guide rods. The unconstrained sliding portion of the carriage needs to clip more firmly onto the X rail and have slots at the idler end to allow the X rails to be pinned in place. End stop microswitch held in place by a single 2mm zip tie.<br />
<br />
Y axis fully assembled. 2mm zip tie used to hold end stop switch in place. Uses 5mm zip ties in the frame to hold both NEMA17 drive motor and the idler. Needs to be measured and the cutting files updated.<br />
<br />
Z Assembled, currently using non-spec. gears. Sockets for 608 bearings were not deep enough, the waterjet cut holes in the frame to support Z brackets need to be +0.5mm diameter. The Z motor bracket needs to allow the motor to drop down an extra 3mm to mesh properly with the large driven gear.<br />
<br />
Yes, we know we'll get more even carriage movement with the motor driving the trans-axle direct. This is being bravely sorted out by Hamish.<br />
<br />
There is no complete Z endstop in the design at present. Hamish built into the Z motor bracket some form of adjustable microswitch holder integrated with it. It holds the Z endstop statically on the Z motor bracket, and add a length of M8 screw thread to the underside of the X motor bracket. The latter pokes the former when the X carriage descends too far. Vik is designing this.<br />
<br />
The deposition bed is a simple piece of plastic sheet stuck down with double-sided foam, so it needs no fancy holes. Y carriage is in 2 identical parts joined with M8 rod. Y belt secured to carriage with zip ties, which also tension it. It is important to clean the bed's underside before sticking it down.<br />
<br />
It looks like we can drop all the holes in the lower part of the frame (and the top edge of both short ends) by about 15mm to increase our build height a bit. If we take another 5mm off the top edges we can claim that back for build height by dropping the height of the Y carriage a bit.<br />
<br />
The circuit holding panel needs to move up and away from the build area, and needs a hole matrix for mounting Arduinos etc. on.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Prototype_rroofl_electronics.jpg|200px|left|thumb]]Electronics are assembled and working well. Stepper motors are Sparkfun NEMA17's and some beefier ones scrounged from Massey University, Wellington. Drivers are a mix of EasyDriver V4's and Makerbot V3.3's and connect to an Arduino 1280 Mega using mostly commercial jumper leads. Connectors and lead lengths are a nightmare, so we need to rationalise this into something that suits the inventory.<br />
<br />
There are no fixed or special electronics, though they must be designed to run of car batteries and donkey-powered generators etc. Not only does this make the printer capable of running on homebrew power, it ensures that they will continue to run in the event of natural disasters. Just put an automotive electrical lighter plug on the power lead and you can run it in the car. Do remember that the spring goes under the fuse in those things, not on top of it (otherwise the spring melts).<br />
<br />
One option being explored here is the use of an inexpensive breadboarding panel as a universal parts interface and bodging board. No soldering required, it encourages tinkering, and simplifies things when you blow a pin on your Arduino - just move the connector and recompile. OTHO a cat can wreak havoc with it. The Du Pont jumper/connectors seem resistant to normal vibrations and movement.<br />
<br />
Zero endstops are all implemented with microswitches. a 10K resistor pulls the relevant input low, closing the switch makes it go high. There are no max limit switches.<br />
<br />
Stepper motor STEP & DIR pins must not be longer than about 200mm.<br />
<br />
When cable paths are established, we need mounting holes for cable ties so we can tidy them up.<br />
<br />
A stepper motor module capable of driving 2A and made from FabLab inventory is being designed. Hopefully with sane connectors!<br />
<br />
Spiral cable tidy is one option for constraining the cabling, and it is at least reusable.<br />
<br />
== Files ==<br />
<br />
Please link or add your files here, folks.<br />
<br />
[[image:AssemblyGuideV3sml.jpg|Guide to the filenames and intended arrangement of the Z-axis]]<br />
<br />
Note that the Y axis brackets are replaced with zip ties in the prototype. If it works, why not? It looks likely that we will need to brace the frame across the top. In the prototype this is done with M8 threaded rod.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_Assembly-Blender257.zip]] The archive included here contains the assembly model for checking gear meshes and interference. This model has been used to create the STLs listed on the image. An option for the Z-axis driven end is included. Stand-in geometry for switches, motors, and gears have also been used to help in the design process. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_STLs.zip]] The image above will guide you to the appropriate model contained within this archive. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
Note that the tops of the M8 Z drive screws should not be overly constrained, so the bearings allowed for will seldom be necessary.<br />
<br />
=== Other Printed Parts ===<br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:Y_bed_runners.scad|OpenSCAD file for Y runners.]] The Y runners. It would be great if someone could vector this to cut on a laser Print two of these and join with a couple of 140mm lengths of M8 studding, nuts and washers. Ease the frame into shape on the rails before fully tightening. Y Slider legs can be compressed with a bolt or zip ties if it is necessary to level the bed. The actual deposition bed is attached by using small double-sided foam adhesive pads.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_belt.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]The Y belt is attached with zip ties; Make loops in the belt ends and secure with zip ties. Thread another zip tie through the small holes in one side of the leg of the Y carriage, pass it through the loop in the belt and then use to tension the belt to your requirements. Note that if you leave a large loop of zip tie this introduces unwanted springyness, so you'll have to cinch it with a zip tie or two.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
(The following need an update 'cos the Z guide rail and drive screw spacings changed) - (15th September 2012) Hopefully the new Z-axis models above have returned the guide rail and drive screw spacing to their original distances.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl.inc]] Common measurements. Based on Simpleton's include file so lots of crap in it.<br />
<br />
[[File:X_axis_bits.scad]] OpenSCAD file for the x-axis parts. Needs Rroofl.inc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Printed_rroofl_stls.zip]] Contains printable STLs used in the prototype X, Y & Z axis.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_mendel_prusa_adaptor.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:rroofl_mendel_adap.scad|OpenSCAD file for adaptor onto classic Mendel and Prusa frames.]]<br />
<br />
== Basic Rules of Engagement ==<br />
<br />
Any rules or warnings that should be established before using the Rroofl can be included here. For example, a safety related tip would definitely make a good addition to this section (thanks for the reminder, OHM).<br />
<br />
* Do touch, but touch responsibly.<br />
* During assembly, look out for sharp bits of wire in the edge of the belt. They hurt.<br />
* Do not ever unplug a stepper motor with the power on. It kills the driver.<br />
<br />
== '''Ongoing Development''' ==<br />
<br />
Pronounced roofle, like rifle with an oo in it.<br />
<br />
Tell me again why I have '''two''' M8 rods running across the top???<br />
:Well, if I recall they are a hang-over from the original edition we were using as a basis. While they give some good rigidity to the top end of the frame, the plate for the electronics will help give that, and allow us to remove at least one of them. The top end z-axis bearing holders could be held on by a pair of M8 bolts each rather than the threaded rods. One thing that springs to my mind is that depending on how far we are able to get the x-carriage to travel upwards we may have interference between the object being printed and the electronics back-board. In my view it is probably worthwhile redesigning the end panels of the frame to be square. This would allow us plenty of room for the x-carriage, the printed piece, and still give us the opportunity to give it a good firm structure. I could talk to the local FabLab and see if we can wheedle them into cutting the redesigned ends in that so nice and space-agey looking acrylic they gave us in the conference. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Use a zip tie looped over each of the rod's idler ends to allow the rods to be held in permanent compression. Otherise the Z axis will bind.<br />
<br />
Finished X carriage belt post needs to be longer by about 3mm.<br />
<br />
Sculpt lower edges slightly to reduce contact with bench.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_first_light.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]This is how it started at Massey University's FabLab during Fab8nz.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
=See Also=<br />
* [[How_to_build_an_OHM| Open Hybrid Model Build Guide]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Rroofl&diff=66026Rroofl2012-09-21T23:58:30Z<p>VikOlliver: /* Current Status */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Development<br />
<!--Header--><br />
|name = RepRap Out Of FabLab (RROOFL)<br />
|status = Development<br />
<!--General--><br />
|image = rroofl_axes_complete.jpg<br />
|description = A Mendel variant designed specifically to be made in a FabLab<br />
|license = GPL<br />
|author = VikOlliver<br />
|reprap = Sells Mendel, Prusa Mendel, Community improvements<br />
|categories = [[:Category:Mendel Variations|Mendel Variations]]<br />
|cadModel = <br />
|url = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'' "Don't like society? Print a new one." - Vik Olliver http://diamondage.co.nz ''<br />
<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
This RepRap/RepStrap variant is designed to be produced in a FabLab, and yet to be sufficiently modular to produce using a variety of local manufacturing processes. It is rather unfriendly to the lone user in its present configuration, as it (a) will make use of all the available CNC-type devices in the workshop in parallel and (b) doesn't work yet. It sprang out of a 2-day session organised by [[User:VikOlliver]] and about a dozen hard-working volunteers at [http://www.fab8nz.com/ FabLab8] in Wellington, New Zealand. They are invited to add their names to the list when they find out about this page :)<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_extruder_clearance_issues.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]Actual build volume currently envisaged 230mm x 230mm x 150mm. In reality there are some collision issues limiting X movement by 50mm or so above Z heights of more than about 60mm. The top of the arch needs to be thinner, the void in the side panels more generous at the top. Perhaps bringing the entire control panel (and thus stretching the void) towards the nearest narrow end?<br />
<br />
In the picture left, the extruder gear nearly colliding with the trapezoidal hole on the upper left. That whole side needs to be moved over, and the top M8 rod closest to it removed. If we then move the remaining rod further away, we should be able to let quite a large extruder rise up into the central gap.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Design Objectives ==<br />
<br />
* Fabricate mechanical hardware in 1 person-day.<br />
* Completely Open Source<br />
* As many parts as possible to be able to use more than one fabrication technique.<br />
* All routing cuts at least 6mm wide.<br />
* No little extra bits to bolt on - minimize part count.<br />
* If you do use bolts and threaded rod, either M3 (or 1/8") or M8 (or 5/16") please.<br />
* If a zip tie or woodscrew does the job instead of 8 screws, 4 nuts and 16 washers, use one.<br />
* Common parts only.<br />
* Allow for lots of variation in hand-cut parts like the rods.<br />
* Modular design that can be mass-produced, and modules used in other projects.<br />
* Control systems capable of being scaled to drive other workshop equipment.<br />
* Runs off 12-14V DC to be friendly to small, local, power generation systems.<br />
* There is but One True Bearing: the 608Z "skateboard" bearing.<br />
<br />
== Current Status ==<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_axes_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_mechanical_assy1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:rroofl_awaiting_x_axis.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]X Axis uses the carriage from Simpleton prototype slightly hacked by a nice lady at Fab8nz, a NEMA17 and 3 x 608 bearings as corner pulleys. Tension in belt will draw under-constrained Z sliders onto Z guide rods. The unconstrained sliding portion of the carriage needs to clip more firmly onto the X rail and have slots at the idler end to allow the X rails to be pinned in place. End stop microswitch held in place by a single 2mm zip tie.<br />
<br />
Y axis fully assembled. 2mm zip tie used to hold end stop switch in place. Uses 5mm zip ties in the frame to hold both NEMA17 drive motor and the idler. Needs to be measured and the cutting files updated.<br />
<br />
Z Assembled, currently using non-spec. gears. Sockets for 608 bearings were not deep enough, the waterjet cut holes in the frame to support Z brackets need to be +0.5mm diameter. The Z motor bracket needs to allow the motor to drop down an extra 3mm to mesh properly with the large driven gear.<br />
<br />
Yes, we know we'll get more even carriage movement with the motor driving the trans-axle direct. This is being bravely sorted out by Hamish.<br />
<br />
There is no complete Z endstop in the design at present. Hamish built into the Z motor bracket some form of adjustable microswitch holder integrated with it. It holds the Z endstop statically on the Z motor bracket, and add a length of M8 screw thread to the underside of the X motor bracket. The latter pokes the former when the X carriage descends too far. Vik is designing this.<br />
<br />
The deposition bed is a simple piece of plastic sheet stuck down with double-sided foam, so it needs no fancy holes. Y carriage is in 2 identical parts joined with M8 rod. Y belt secured to carriage with zip ties, which also tension it. It is important to clean the bed's underside before sticking it down.<br />
<br />
It looks like we can drop all the holes in the lower part of the frame (and the top edge of both short ends) by about 15mm to increase our build height a bit. If we take another 5mm off the top edges we can claim that back for build height by dropping the height of the Y carriage a bit.<br />
<br />
The circuit holding panel needs to move up and away from the build area, and needs a hole matrix for mounting Arduinos etc. on.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
== Electronics ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Prototype_rroofl_electronics.jpg|200px|left|thumb]]Electronics are assembled and working well. Stepper motors are Sparkfun NEMA17's and some beefier ones scrounged from Massey University, Wellington. Drivers are a mix of EasyDriver V4's and Makerbot V3.3's and connect to an Arduino 1280 Mega using mostly commercial jumper leads. Connectors and lead lengths are a nightmare, so we need to rationalise this into something that suits the inventory.<br />
<br />
There are no fixed or special electronics, though they must be designed to run of car batteries and donkey-powered generators etc. Not only does this make the printer capable of running on homebrew power, it ensures that they will continue to run in the event of natural disasters. Just put an automotive electrical lighter plug on the power lead and you can run it in the car. Do remember that the spring goes under the fuse in those things, not on top of it (otherwise the spring melts).<br />
<br />
One option being explored here is the use of an inexpensive breadboarding panel as a universal parts interface and bodging board. No soldering required, it encourages tinkering, and simplifies things when you blow a pin on your Arduino - just move the connector and recompile. OTHO a cat can wreak havoc with it. The Du Pont jumper/connectors seem resistant to normal vibrations and movement.<br />
<br />
Zero endstops are all implemented with microswitches. a 10K resistor pulls the relevant input low, closing the switch makes it go high. There are no max limit switches.<br />
<br />
Stepper motor STEP & DIR pins must not be longer than about 200mm.<br />
<br />
When cable paths are established, we need mounting holes for cable ties so we can tidy them up.<br />
<br />
A stepper motor module capable of driving 2A and made from FabLab inventory is being designed. Hopefully with sane connectors!<br />
<br />
Spiral cable tidy is one option for constraining the cabling, and it is at least reusable.<br />
<br />
== Files ==<br />
<br />
Please link or add your files here, folks.<br />
<br />
[[image:AssemblyGuideV3sml.jpg|Guide to the filenames and intended arrangement of the Z-axis]]<br />
<br />
Note that the Y axis brackets are replaced with zip ties in the prototype. If it works, why not? It looks likely that we will need to brace the frame across the top. In the prototype this is done with M8 threaded rod.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_Assembly-Blender257.zip]] The archive included here contains the assembly model for checking gear meshes and interference. This model has been used to create the STLs listed on the image. An option for the Z-axis driven end is included. Stand-in geometry for switches, motors, and gears have also been used to help in the design process. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl_Z-axis_STLs.zip]] The image above will guide you to the appropriate model contained within this archive. - updated 15th September 2012 by [[User:BouncyMonkey]]<br />
<br />
Note that the tops of the M8 Z drive screws should not be overly constrained, so the bearings allowed for will seldom be necessary.<br />
<br />
=== Other Printed Parts ===<br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_complete.jpg|200px|thumb|left]][[File:Y_bed_runners.scad|OpenSCAD file for Y runners.]] The Y runners. It would be great if someone could vector this to cut on a laser Print two of these and join with a couple of 140mm lengths of M8 studding, nuts and washers. Ease the frame into shape on the rails before fully tightening. Y Slider legs can be compressed with a bolt or zip ties if it is necessary to level the bed. The actual deposition bed is attached by using small double-sided foam adhesive pads.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
[[File:rroofl_y_carriage_belt.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]The Y belt is attached with zip ties; Make loops in the belt ends and secure with zip ties. Thread another zip tie through the small holes in one side of the leg of the Y carriage, pass it through the loop in the belt and then use to tension the belt to your requirements. Note that if you leave a large loop of zip tie this introduces unwanted springyness, so you'll have to cinch it with a zip tie or two.<br />
<br clear=all><br />
(The following need an update 'cos the Z guide rail and drive screw spacings changed) - (15th September 2012) Hopefully the new Z-axis models above have returned the guide rail and drive screw spacing to their original distances.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rroofl.inc]] Common measurements. Based on Simpleton's include file so lots of crap in it.<br />
<br />
[[File:X_axis_bits.scad]] OpenSCAD file for the x-axis parts. Needs Rroofl.inc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Printed_rroofl_stls.zip]] Contains printable STLs used in the prototype X, Y & Z axis.<br />
<br />
== Basic Rules of Engagement ==<br />
<br />
Any rules or warnings that should be established before using the Rroofl can be included here. For example, a safety related tip would definitely make a good addition to this section (thanks for the reminder, OHM).<br />
<br />
* Do touch, but touch responsibly.<br />
* During assembly, look out for sharp bits of wire in the edge of the belt. They hurt.<br />
* Do not ever unplug a stepper motor with the power on. It kills the driver.<br />
<br />
== '''Ongoing Development''' ==<br />
<br />
Pronounced roofle, like rifle with an oo in it.<br />
<br />
Tell me again why I have '''two''' M8 rods running across the top???<br />
:Well, if I recall they are a hang-over from the original edition we were using as a basis. While they give some good rigidity to the top end of the frame, the plate for the electronics will help give that, and allow us to remove at least one of them. The top end z-axis bearing holders could be held on by a pair of M8 bolts each rather than the threaded rods. One thing that springs to my mind is that depending on how far we are able to get the x-carriage to travel upwards we may have interference between the object being printed and the electronics back-board. In my view it is probably worthwhile redesigning the end panels of the frame to be square. This would allow us plenty of room for the x-carriage, the printed piece, and still give us the opportunity to give it a good firm structure. I could talk to the local FabLab and see if we can wheedle them into cutting the redesigned ends in that so nice and space-agey looking acrylic they gave us in the conference. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Use a zip tie looped over each of the rod's idler ends to allow the rods to be held in permanent compression. Otherise the Z axis will bind.<br />
<br />
Finished X carriage belt post needs to be longer by about 3mm.<br />
<br />
Sculpt lower edges slightly to reduce contact with bench.<br />
<br />
[[File:rroofl_first_light.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]This is how it started at Massey University's FabLab during Fab8nz.<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
=See Also=<br />
* [[How_to_build_an_OHM| Open Hybrid Model Build Guide]]</div>VikOlliverhttps://reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Y_bed_runners.scad&diff=66003File:Y bed runners.scad2012-09-21T21:09:45Z<p>VikOlliver: uploaded a new version of "File:Y bed runners.scad"</p>
<hr />
<div>OpenSCAD file for Y runners.</div>VikOlliver