Bed material

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This page is for general information pertaining to both heated and unheated print surfaces. For information specific to heated build surfaces, see the surface materials section of the heated bed page.

The bed material needs to satisfy two somewhat contradictory goals:

  • The bed material must stick to the plastic coming out of the extruder; otherwise, the partially-printed part will slide around. Then, the next layer of the part won't be aligned, and you'll have a failed print.
  • The bed material must not stick too strongly to the plastic coming out of the extruder. Otherwise you'll create perfectly-printed parts that are impossible to remove from the bed without damaging the bed, the part or both.

Some bed materials work better than others.

PLA and ABS are the most popular plastics for RepRaps to extrude; ABS seems much pickier than PLA about the surfaces it works on.

Summary Table - Does it Stick?

(please include links to experiences for your rating) Does it Stick?

Bed Material ABS PLA Nylon-6 ABS/Nylon[1] Nylon-TBridge PC HIPS HDPE MDF Glass
PEI (Polyetherimide) Yes, 110C Yes, 50C No Yes, 100C  ??  ??  ??  ??  ?? Yes
3M 2090 Tape Kind of Yes, 20C Yes, 70C  ??  ??  ??  ??  ?? No Yes
Jello Solution Strongly, 110C Strongly, 65C  ??  ??  ??  ??  ??  ??  ?? Yes

Experiments with ABS on various bed materials

ABS does not seem to stick to an MDF bed at all.

  • PEI (Polyetherimide) Sheet - Works well for ABS, PLA, and apparently a number of other materials. One brand is Ultem sheet which can be vanilla PEI or reinforced with 10%, 20% or 30% glass.
  • BuildTak - This may be PEI sheet reinforced with glass fibre (like Ultem) with heat resistant double sided tape on one side, but don't think there is a definitive statement on this. Good for "50+" prints. Works with ABS, PLA, HIPS, PET Lay Brick , Lay Wood and TPE (flexible filaments). [Apparently nylon and t-glass will stick when used with a thin layer of washable glue stick].
TheRoss 2015.4.13 
  FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)  analysis of the BuildTak surface suggests the product is composed of an unfilled Polycarbonate (AKA lots of love and sugar).   
  • Electrical tape - sticks, but not well enough to stop warping.
  • Glass - doesn't stick at all. Might with (sandblasted) glass with ABS dissolved in acetone applied.(sometimes called 'ABS juice') [(1)]
  • CD-ROMs - sticks well, gives a nice surface finish, but tends to warp. The build area is obviously very limited (and circular!). Are made of Polycarbonate, maybe try some Polycarb sheets?
  • Acrylic Sheet - works! ABS sticks to it quite nicely; I had some warping, but I only used 1.5 mm thick Acrylite FF P99 Acrylic Sheet from Cyro Industries. I've got some thicker materials to test again as soon as I get my extruder running without the flexible drive.
  • 1/4 inch Acrylic Sheet - works very well. Strong enough to resist warping. Rafts need to be somewhat weaker than the part; otherwise, removing the part is very difficult.
  • Self-adhesive laminating film - the material used to laminate wallet cards. High durability; sticks to glass well (adhesive side down). Clean with acetone and a little ABS juice; use it with or without heat. It seems to last forever. No warping of parts, but you may need a razor edge to remove the part from the film.

Wade 2008.10.01

  • Conductive foam (the kind that you use to ship IC chips I have found works very well and you can reuse it as long as your first layer is not deeply embedded.

Bruce W 2008.10.07

For HDPE, a good bed is a 'plastic' kitchen chopping board (probably itself made of HDPE). A raft, such as that produced by the skeinforge software, sticks to the bed, provides a base for the product and enables the product to be removed without damage to the bed.

Jon Wise 2008.11.14

  • Blue (Painter's) Tape

A surprisingly awesome surface. Not enough to stop warping, but relatively cheap and very durable. Some brands even work on a heated bed, so long as you do not attempt to peel them off above room temp (don't try, it's icky).

"Blue painters tape works fine for me with my heated bed at ~70c. As mentioned, it's very important to wait for the parts to cool though, or else the tape will tear when parts are removed. I miss the flat/smooth surface on the bottom of my prints though." -Pawl

  • Kapton Tape

Another good surface, especially when used with a heated bed. It's not so great on the pocketbook, but with proper handling, it can be a good investment.

  • Plain printer paper

Plain printer paper works well when stuck down with carpet tape. Put a layer of edge-to-edge aluminum tape (saves platform from the carpet tape adhesive), then layer on the carpet tape edge to edge and top with paper. May have slight adherence of paper to bottom of part.

Walt Z 2013.3.25

  • Office grade adhesive tape

Surprisingly good result. Extremely cheap and available everywhere, works well with heated bed (even at 115C). Printed parts are easy to take off. Almost no warping. Slightly tricky to remove.

Justin F 2013.11.4

Painter's tape works nicely except for when your base layer has a small cross-section. If you run into this issue, install the tape sticky-side up. Just make sure the tape is flush with the bed as the tape doesn't stick to the bed unless you have another piece of tape holding it on the bed. If you are so inclined, you can go and buy double-sided painters tape. That would work better.

  • Resin (FR4, thickness 1mm) works very well, even better than Kapton Tape. Can be heated up to 120°C. Sometime needs to be cleaned with acetone. Beware a heated hotend pausing at the surface causing burned and disintegrated spots. If print height is too low at first layer, the surface may be scratched and particles may clog the nozzle.

Christian T 2014.2.5

  • Jello Solution: Folks at the 3d printing brazil group have discovered that a solution of 1:10 jello to water adhere both PLA and ABS if the heated bed is over 60°C, the bond is really strong and the part pops itself up when the print is finished and the bed cools down

Raphael T 2016.4.16

Experiments with PLA on various bed materials

  • PEI (Polyetherimide) Sheet, Buildtak -- good adhesion (see above under ABS)
  • Kapton Tape

Tested with both an unheated bed, and heated at 50, 60 and 70c. Results were not good. The PLA tends to slip off the tape, resulting in poor sticking of the first few levels. Eventually entire prints would become too loose to continue printing.

  • Direct Glass (cold)

Not too bad, but does sometimes struggle to stick. Different glass may have a different finish. My tests on pre-cut tempered glass weren't great.

  • Direct Glass (heated)

Heating glass to 60c helps to stick PLA, however again does sometimes have issues sticking the first layer.

  • Light-Yellow Masking (Painters) Tape

Heated to 70c for the first 6 layers, then reduced to 50c This works well. Initially I tried without heating the bed but found the PLA would not stick and bunched up into lumps. Heating the tape up does however have the negative effect of the tape itself not sticking to the bed well. Recommendation here is to use something like a ruler before you print, to flatten the tape as much as possible. This was tested with £0.50 Homebase Value Masking Tape and worked well. I recommend having a 1 layer brim around your object to help keep the tape down however. Blue painter's tape appears to be the most common build surface for PLA without a heated bed, although a few people have been unable to get their particular brand to work.

  • Pritt-Stick/GlueStick

This didn't work for me on either a heated or non-heated bed. In fact it's probably the worst option I've tried so far. Objects wouldn't stick at all. The only thing it does do is work nicely to clean the glass - leave it on for a couple of hours and then peel it off once it's dried out.

  • Glass with PVP GlueStick

This might work well with non-heated bed if your GlueStick content is PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone). Such as UHU Stic, 3M Scotch purple glue stic.

  • Mat Glass + cold laminators + PVP glue stic

Work excellent with non-heated mat glass bed with stick a layer of the cold laminators + PVP glue on top of the laminators. Good balanced between sticky on bed & easy to remove. If you have a heating bed, heat to 60 degree for remove.

  • Glass with PVA glue (heated)

Apply PVA glue to glass then spread evenly using a small amount of water and a brush. Use the heat from the bed to evaporate the water quickly. You should aim to have a barely visible film on the surface. Heating to 55c makes the parts stick well. After printing parts are difficult to remove, but after cooling they pop off themselves. PVA glue works poorly without heat.

  • Ultem Polyetherimide (PEI), (Heated to 60C)

Tested at 60C, worked excellent, better than any other material I have tested. Will not stick at all when unheated. To release parts I either remove the Ultem sheet from my bed or let the bed cool. I am using a 0.040" thick sheet purchased from McMaster (8685K41) attached to an aluminium heated bed, make sure to remove protective film from Ultem sheet (both sides) before using. Bottom surface of part is very flat and shiny. I may try a 1/16" thick sheet as the 0.040 sheet is not perfectly flat (but certainly not bad), the Ultem sheet will bow off my heated plate by a few mils.

  • Carbon fiber Vinyl sticker

Tested on a cold bed. Prints stick well but corners warp a little .Overall a good solution

Experiments with HDPE on various bed materials

HydraRaptor has done a bunch of experiments with extruding HDPE onto a bunch of different materials -- pictures at "Sticking point"[2].

Of those bed materials tested on this (unheated bed) HDPE extruder, HydraRaptor points out two materials that work well:

  • common foamcore (aka "paper-faced foam board") seemed to work the best.
  • thin sheet of HDPE cut from a milk bottle: it welds to the extruded HDPE, so you would have to put on a new sheet for every bed of parts you make, but (after trimming) it becomes a smooth strong base for the parts.

Other researchers find that, even though the outer paper looks fine after the finished plastic part is peeled off, the interior polystyrene foam starts to melt -- is this going to cause problems for the next part printed on that foamcore bed?

Many people think that the molten plastic "sticks" better to relatively rough surfaces, so the fact that it sticks to the glossy surface of the foamcore is a bit surprising.

One theory that seems to explain his results:

  • When the molten plastic hits a cold bed with high heat capacity or high thermal conductivity, it cools down too fast -- the first tiny point to touch the bed solidifies a (relatively) huge radius of molten plastic around and above it, so relatively few points of molten plastic ever touches the bed, so it doesn't stick and the ends curl up.
  • When the molten plastic hits a cold bed with low heat capacity and low thermal conductivity, it cools down slower -- little or none of the plastic around the point of contact immediately hardens, so as the extruder pushes that plastic down, large areas of molten plastic make good contact with the bed, and it sticks.

And so (at least if you are using an unheated print bed) you want some highly insulating material with low heat capacity as the bulk material of your print bed. The heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the working surface is irrelevant if that surface is thin enough. More important characteristics of the working surface of a reusable bed is that it has a higher melting temperature -- so the bed doesn't melt and permanently bond to the plastic part -- and is relatively hard and smooth -- so pieces of that surface don't leave a residue embedded in the bottom surface of the plastic part.


Further reading

  • Heated Bed mentions some materials used for heated beds, but focuses on things beneath the surface -- the heater, the insulation, and the control electronics.
  • Thick Sheet discusses the platform that supports the bed, often a sheet of wood or aluminum, often attached to bearings that let it slide on the frame.
  • Frame material
  • materials discusses all materials we've used so far in building RepRaps and RepStraps.
  • category:Hot End is another place to discuss materials that won't melt when touching molten plastic.
  • Mendel heated bed seems to recommend using a glass bed.
  • One researcher[3] tried a bed made of a ceramic tile. With the bare tile, PLA did not stick; but PLA seems to work well with tile covered in blue tape.