I would not expect a temporary short between +3.3V and ground to have that effect. Even so, it might be worth measuring the voltage on the +3.3V line to make sure that the regulator is still working properly.
Are you sure that you haven't got an M667 command in config.g to select CoreXY mode, or a M584 command in config.g to assign both motors to one axis? You can send M667 with no parameters and M584 with no parameters to check.
Never connect or disconnect anything with power (even just USB power) provided to the Duet (or to any other electronics).
Large delta printer [miscsolutions.wordpress.com], E3D tool changer, Robotdigg SCARA printer, Crane Quad and Ormerod
Disclosure: I design Duet electronics and work on RepRapFirmware, [duet3d.com].